Consumer Protection and Commerce

(4) Consumer as under Consumer Protection Act does not include a person who avails of services for any commercial purposes.

Right to consumer education, right to seek redressal and access to a variety of goods and services at competitive prices are the rights available to a consumer under Consumer Protection Act, 1986.

This form of e-commerce is used by two persons who want to sell/purchase items.

Under the rule in Parker v. South Eastern Railway (1877), exemption clauses on ticket backs are binding if reasonable notice is given. Arun is bound by the terms including Clause 10 because the notice 'see reverse for terms & conditions' was sufficient to put a reasonable person on inquiry. The liability is limited to Rs. 100 regardless of whether he actually read the terms.

Under Section 2(1)(d) of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, consumer means who buys goods and has paid or promised to pay a consideration partly or fully under any system of deferred payment.

All are the responsibilities of a consumer under CPA.

An applicant for a passport is not a consumer because the duties of the passport officer do not fall in the category of services for consideration.

The potential defendants under the Consumer Protection Act, 1987 are producer, own brander, importer from outside the European Union and supplier.

The Consumer Protection Act does not impose liability on businesses and private individuals. Section 2 imposes civil liability in tort for damage caused wholly or partly by a defect in a product on producers, persons holding themselves out as producers and importers into the European Union (EU) for commercial sale.

Size is not a characteristic of monopoly. A small business may still have the power to raise prices in a small market.

Customer to Customer marketing has become more popular recently with the advent of the internet. Companies such as Craigslist, eBay, and other classified and auction based sites have allowed for greater interaction between consumers, facilitating the Customer to Custome model.

Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort experienced after making a purchase decision when a consumer doubts their choice. This post-purchase mental conflict arises from conflicting thoughts about the decision. Option A 'Caveat emptor' means buyer beware (pre-purchase), Option C is nonsensical, and Option D is incorrect.

Electronic commerce or ecommerce is a term for any type of business, or commercial transaction that involves the transfer of information across the Internet. It covers a range of different types of businesses from consumer based retail sites, through auction or music sites to business exchanges trading goods and services between corporations. It is currently one of the most important aspects of the Internet to emerge.

Correct. The key words 'a product they grew up using' lead us directly to this option. Nostalgia is the emotion felt for something that was.

As the limitations of traditional life insurance plans became obvious, a number of shifts occurred in the product profiles of life insurers. These have been summarised below: (a) Unbundling: This trend involved separation of the protection and savings elements, and consequently the development of the products which stressed on protection of savings, rather than a vague mix of both. (b) Investment linkage: The second trend was the shift towards investment linked products which linked benefits to policyholders with an index of investment performance. There was consequently a shift in the way life insurance was positioned. (c) Transparency: Unbundling also ushered greater visibility in the rate of return and in the charges made by the companies for their services (like expenses, etc.). All these were explicitly spelt out and thus, could be compared. (d) Non-standard products: The fourth major trend has a shift from rigid to flexible product structures which is also seen as a move towards non-standard products. When we speak of non-standard, it is with respect to the degree of choice which a customer can exercise with respect to designing the structure and benefits of the policy.