Constitutions and Law

Both the Supreme Court (under Article 32) and High Courts (under Article 226) can enforce Fundamental Rights through writ jurisdictions. This provides citizens with multiple remedies - they can approach either court depending on convenience and urgency. Article 32 is the fundamental remedy, while Article 226 is broader.

Article 18 of the Constitution abolishes titles but permits civilian awards like Bharat Ratna and Padma Shri as exceptions. These awards are instituted by the government under the provisions of Article 18, which allows for recognition of excellence in various fields without conferring titles. Articles 14, 19, and 22 deal with equality, fundamental freedoms, and preventive detention respectively, and are unrelated to national awards.

The Preamble mentions justice, liberty, equality, fraternity, dignity of the individual, and unity and integrity of the nation. It does NOT mention 'dignity of the Constitution' - this is the incorrect option. The Preamble talks about dignity of the individual citizen, not dignity of the Constitution itself. The other three options are explicitly stated in the Preamble.

Articles 14 to 18 of the Indian Constitution guarantee the Right to Equality, which is a fundamental right. Article 14 guarantees equality before law, Article 15 prohibits discrimination, Article 16 ensures equality in public employment, Article 17 abolishes untouchability, and Article 18 abolishes titles except military and academic.

Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment in 1976 and are contained in Part IV-A of the Constitution (Article 51A). They are not scattered throughout the main text nor in Schedule IX.

The Fundamental Duties were indeed added by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 during the Emergency period. They were not part of the original Constitution adopted in 1949. The 44th Amendment later reversed many provisions of the 42nd but retained the Fundamental Duties section.

The framers of the Indian Constitution borrowed the concept of Directive Principles from the Constitution of Ireland (Irish Republic). Dr. Ambedkar acknowledged this debt explicitly. The Irish Constitution itself was influenced by Spanish Constitution. This is a common question in UPSC and state PSC exams.

Directive Principles are contained in Part IV (Articles 36-51) of the Indian Constitution. Part III contains Fundamental Rights. This structural separation is significant - Parts I-4 of the Constitution are: I (Union & Territory), II (Citizenship), III (FR), IV (DPSP).

Article 17 of the Constitution explicitly abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice in any form. It is a Fundamental Right under Part III. Article 14 establishes equality before law, Article 15 prohibits discrimination, and Article 42 is a Directive Principle about just work conditions.

Option (1) is correct: Article 39A of the Constitution of India deals with equal justice and free legal aid. Option (2) is incorrect: Article 45 of the Constitution of India deals with free and compulsory education.

Option (1) is incorrect: No such provision in the Preamble to our Constitution. Option (2) is incorrect: No such provision in the Preamble to our Constitution. Option (3) is incorrect: No such provision in the Preamble to our Constitution. Option (4) is correct: The starting words of the Preamble are: “WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India...” So, the solemn resolution in the Preamble to our Constitution is made in the name of People of India.

Option (1) is incorrect: Under Article 20(1), no person shall be convicted of any offence, except for violation of the law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence. Option (2) is incorrect: Under Article 22, no person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed. Option (3) is correct: Article 20(3) embodies that no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Option (4) is incorrect: Under Article 20(2), no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.

Option (1) is incorrect: Either in Council of States or in House of the People. Option (2) is incorrect: Either in Council of States or in House of the People. Option (3) is correct: An amendment can be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament. Option (4) is incorrect: Option (3) is correct. 

Article 84 of the Constitution specifically outlines the qualifications for membership of Parliament. It specifies requirements like citizenship, age (25 for Lok Sabha, 30 for Rajya Sabha), and other conditions. Article 88 deals with rights of ministers, while 89 relates to the Speaker's role.

Article 86(2) of the Constitution specifically empowers the President to address and send messages to either House of Parliament. This is distinct from the special address under Article 87. Article 86 allows the President to communicate with Parliament at any time, not just during the mandatory address at the beginning of the first session after general elections.