Computer Networks

While basic switches operate at the Data Link layer (Layer 2), an intelligent or multilayer switch often performs routing functions, which places it at the Network layer (Layer 3).

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) operates at the Data Link layer (or between Layer 2 and 3) to map IP addresses to MAC addresses. FTP, SSL, and NFS operate at higher layers (Application or Presentation).

The OSI model layers are: 1 Physical, 2 Data Link, 3 Network, 4 Transport, 5 Session, 6 Presentation, 7 Application.

The Session layer is responsible for establishing, managing, and terminating connections between applications, which is Layer 5 of the OSI model.

The Data Link layer is Layer 2 of the OSI model, situated directly above the Physical layer.

The Transport layer is Layer 4 of the OSI model, responsible for end-to-end communication and error recovery.

The Physical layer is the bottom-most layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model, dealing with raw bit transmission over physical media.

The Network layer is Layer 3 of the OSI model, responsible for logical addressing and routing.

The Application layer is the top-most layer (Layer 7) of the OSI model, providing network services directly to user applications.

IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) defines standards for the Physical and Data Link layers. In the context of OSI questions, it is most commonly associated with the Physical layer's transmission medium and signaling.

When a domain name (like www.quiz2play.com) cannot be resolved to an IP address, the Domain Name System (DNS) is typically the service responsible for the failure.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the standard protocol used for transferring web pages over the Internet.

The Data Link layer encapsulates packets from the Network layer into frames for transmission over the physical medium.