Computer Fundamentals and System Concepts

Third generation computers (1965-1970) were characterized by the use of integrated circuits (ICs), which replaced the discrete transistors used in second generation computers. Vacuum tubes were first generation, and SSI (Small Scale Integration) is a type of IC, not a device category itself.

The system unit houses the CPU, RAM, motherboard, and storage devices - all components that actually process and store data. Without it, peripheral devices like keyboard and mouse have nothing to control.

Boot sector viruses specifically infect the boot sector of hard disks and other storage devices. They execute during the system boot process before the operating system loads, giving them early system access and making them difficult to remove.

This processor mode in a computer system is the one which provides running of DOS program in the windows operating system.

 In a distributed system, all machines are standalone. They do not share memory.

This characteristic of computer states that a computer can continually work for hours without creating any error.

This is a power supply component of a computer system that converts AC power from an electrical outlet to the DC power needed by system components.

This security feature of the operating system is mediated by access control tables.

In this principle applied in the design element of the operating system, each user and each program should operate by using the fewest privileges possible.

Operating systems perform multiple core functions. Job (process) scheduling decides which programs run and when. Memory management allocates, tracks, and frees RAM. An OS must handle both tasks simultaneously to function properly.

Socket 370 was a processor socket design used by Intel for Celeron and some Pentium III processors. It featured 370 pins and was designed specifically for the Celeron processor line, not for the Pentium I, II, or III series which used different sockets.

This information is not included inside a process which is an active entity and is more than a program code.

This type of software maintenance refers to changing the software to some new environment such as a different hardware platform or for use with a different operating system.