Climate, Weather, and Geography

Air currents which determine the arrival and departure of monsoons are known as jet streams. These curents develop in the upper layers of the atmosphere. The westerly jet stream prevails over the North Indian plains during the winter months, while the easterly jet stream steers the tropical depression over India. 

El Nino is a Spanish word. It means "the Christ child". El Nino is complex series of climatic changes which occurs irregularly. It affects the equatorial Pacific region every few years. It is characterized by the appearance of unusually warm, nutrient-poor water off northern Peru and Ecuador. Reversal of wind patterns across the Pacific, drought in Australia, and non-seasonal heavy rain in South America are the effects of El Nino. It typically occurs in late December, around Christmas. That’s why it is known as El Nino.

The most important climatic control is latitude. Latitude affects the temperature of a place. The places situated at higher altitudes which are far from equator receive lesser sunlight and places which are located towards the equator which is a 0⁰ latitude receives more sunlight and are hotter than the places located at higher latitudes. Sunlight also affects precipitation or rainfall.

Thus latitudinal position of a regions decides the climate of the place.

The periodic development of a warm ocean current along the coast of Peru as a temporary replacement of the cold Peruvian current is known as El Nino. It is a climate cycle in the Pacific Ocean with a global impact on weather patterns. There is shift in direction and speed of wind during El Nino. Eastward Shifting of warm water in the western tropical Pacific Ocean along the equator toward the coast of South America marks the beginning of this cycle. Normally, this warm water pools near Indonesia and the Philippines. But during an El Nino, this warm water sit offshore of northwestern South America.

El Nina becomes La Nino when El Nino cools. La Nina is a counter ocean current which becomes effective in the Tropical Western Pacific when El Nino becomes ineffective in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. The dry condition in the western Pacific is terminated and the wet condition is introduced in the Tropical Western Pacific by Later Nina.

El Nino and La Nina refers to the periodic development of a warm and cold  ocean currents along the coast of Peru as a temporary replacement of the cold Peruvian current.

The hurricane impacts of El Niño and its counterpart La Niña are opposite and alternating between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, strengthening hurricane activity in one region while weakening it in the other. However, the effect is limited to the climate of the tropics and subtropics.

Climate is influenced by various geographical factors, including latitude (solar intensity), altitude (temperature decrease with height), and distance from the sea (moderating effect).

Advection refers to the transport of an atmospheric property (like heat or moisture) by the horizontal movement of air (wind).

The solid form, snow and ice, is present as ice caps at the poles of the earth,  snow-covered mountains and glaciers.

Smog is a type of air pollution that is a mixture of smoke and fog.

Air pollution, especially particulates and greenhouse gases, affects temperature patterns. Urban areas with high pollution show greater warming trends, particularly noticeable at night and in winter due to the urban heat island effect and pollution trapping heat. This is an environmental effect of air pollution.

Acid rain is frequently referred to as the lake killer because it increases the acidity of water bodies, which can lead to the death of aquatic life, particularly in lakes and streams.