Climate, Weather, and Geography

Monsoon regions experience large-scale seasonal reversals of winds, which are essentially land and sea breezes on a continental scale. Other regions do not exhibit this specific large-scale seasonal wind pattern.

The southern frigid zone lies between $66.56^o$ south of the Antarctic circle to the $90^o$ south in South pole. It is one of the coldest areas on the surface of the earth which covers with snow or ice throughout the year. This zone covers an area of 4.12 percent on the surface of the earth.

The northern frigid zone is the area located between the Arctic Circle (66.5 degrees N) and the North Pole (90 degrees N). It is characterized by extremely cold temperatures.

Eskimos are the people living in the frigid zone. It comprising of Alaska, Canada and Greenland. They generally made their small hut like house by snow, known as igloo. Hunting of marine animals and fishes are their main occupation . They use dog sledge for transportation. Dog is the only domesticate animal of Eskimos.

When the northern frigid zone receives continuous light, the southern frigid zone has continuous darkness.

1. Arctic tern: it has a circumpolar breeding distribution covering the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. The species is strongly migratory, seeing two summers each year as it migrates along a convoluted route from its northern breeding grounds to the Antarctic coast for the southern summer and back again about six months later.
   
2. Snowy owls are native to Arctic regions in North America and Eurasia.

Rainfall may range from 15 to 30 cm in a year. Only during the short summer season, some very lowly plants may grow only in the areas away from the polar ice caps. These regions are known for blizzards and occupy areas of the Arctic margins of North America and Eurasia and the Antarctic continent.

During huge rain, thunderstorm and strong wind, sparks are observed on an electric post.

There are only 3 types of lightning:

• Intra-cloud (IC)
  
• Cloud to Cloud (CC)
  
• Cloud to Ground (CG)
  

Lichens represent the symbiotic association between the algae and the fungi. These absorb their mineral nutrition from the moisture-laden air rather than the soil. So, the contamination of the air severely impairs their growth and they disappear from the areas that have a heavy concentration of sulphur pollutants in the air. Due to this sensitivity, these are considered to be the bioindicators of air pollution.

The Sahara desert is the world's largest hot desert. It is the third-largest desert behind Antarctica and the Arctic, which are both cold deserts.

Due to the extreme conditions and high altitude, the sun is very intense, while the shade is freezing, making it possible to experience both sunstroke and frostbite simultaneously.

The solid form of water is known as ice.

El-Nino is a warm ocean current that sometimes appears off the coast of Peru in South America during the month of December. It increases the surface temperature of the sea and affects the movement of monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean and causes a drought-like situation in the Indian sub-continent.