Climate, Weather, and Geography

Evaporation: The sun evaporates some amount of water from different sources. Evaporation prepares the cycle for the next step, that is condensation. 
Condensation: The water vapour then condensed into clouds. These clouds further go to Precipitation. 
Precipitation: When the droplets in the clouds get too big they fall as rain, hail, snow, and sleet.

Sirocco and Mistral are well-known local winds of the Mediterranean region. Buran is a cold wind found in Central Asia and Siberia.

The equatorial climate is characterized by high temperatures and rainfall throughout the year, which is a type of tropical climate.

Due to the cold, the upper soil surface of the tundra region is frozen into a rock-like state all through the year. This is called permafrost. It comprises 24% of land in Northern Hemisphere. A massive amount of carbon is found in permafrost. Structurally, permafrost is important. Erosion, disappearance of lakes, landslides, and ground subsidence is caused by the melting of permafrost. It also causes changes in composition of plant species at high altitudes.

Tundra regions are found in the northern and southern hemispheres between the poles and the taiga or coniferous forests. It has spread across northern Canada and Alaska, Siberia and northern Scandinavia in the north close to the Arctic Circle. Tundra region also lies in coastal Antarctica. It has extreme freezing winters. That’s why mostly trees are not able to survive here. So, most of the Tundra region is treeless.

A cyclone is a large-scale air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure. Winds blow inward toward the low-pressure center.

Crampons or spiked attachments on mountaineering boots provide traction on ice and snow, preventing the climber from slipping.

Global warming has not been uniform across the planet. Polar regions, especially the Arctic, have experienced temperature increases 2-3 times greater than the global average, a phenomenon known as polar amplification. This occurs due to feedback effects like melting ice reducing albedo and increased heat absorption by darker ocean surfaces.

Tropical cyclone is a non-frontal storm system, usually originates over tropical or subtropical waters and rotates clockwise in the southern hemisphere and counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere. Typhoons are originated in the China sea which can be predicted seven days in advance. 

The relatively warm waters of the North Atlantic Drift are responsible for moderating the climate of western Europe, so that winters are less cold than would otherwise be expected at its latitude. Water in the north Atlantic sinks because it is dense.

Fiords are deep, narrow, and elongated sea or lake drains with steep land on three sides, formed by the submergence of a glaciated valley.

Hanging valleys occur when a main glacier erodes a deep valley, leaving smaller tributary valleys high above the main valley floor.

U-shaped valley is the landform curved by the erosional work of glacier. U-shaped valley has steep valley walls with concave slope and broad and flat valley floor. The U-shaped valley is found in the cross-section of a glacial valley or glacial troughs of mountain glaciers.

The moving ice mass downslope under the impact of gravity is called glacier. About 10 per cent of the earth's surface is now covered by glacier. Glacier are formed due to accumulation of ice above snow-line under extreme cold climate.

Moraines are accumulations of dirt and rocks that have fallen onto the glacier surface or have been pushed along by the glacier as it moves. The dirt and rocks composing moraines can range in size from powdery silt to large rocks and boulders.