Climate, Weather, and Geography

If the weather office predicts “depression” over a certain area, it means atmospheric pressure in that area is lower than that in the surrounding areas. A low-pressure area, low or depression, is a region where the atmospheric pressure at sea level is lower than that of surrounding locations. Low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence which occur in upper levels of the troposphere.

 The taiga belt lies between the Temperate grasslands and Tundra.

The Mediterranean climate is defined by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. This pattern is caused by the shifting of subtropical high-pressure belts.

Due to the relatively dry air less humidity is there in deserts so clouds do not precipitate. 

The Amazon basin is characterized by a tropical rainforest climate with high humidity and significant, year-round precipitation, leading to some of the highest annual rainfall totals on Earth.

Dome mountains are often referred to as islands of precipitation because they force moisture-laden air to rise, causing orographic rainfall in otherwise drier surrounding areas.

Shanghai is located in a region characterized by hot, humid summers and mild winters, which is classified as Humid Subtropical (Cfa).

Auckland, New Zealand, has a temperate maritime climate, which is classified as Marine West Coast (Cfb).

San Francisco has a Mediterranean climate, characterized by cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers.

Lagos, Nigeria, is located near the equator and experiences high temperatures and heavy rainfall year-round, characteristic of an Equatorial climate.

Frontal rain (or cyclonic rain) occurs when two air masses of different temperatures and densities meet, causing the warmer, lighter air to rise over the colder, denser air.

Hail is formed when strong updrafts of moist air carry water droplets high into the atmosphere, where they freeze and accumulate layers of ice. Fog and frost are surface-level phenomena and do not require rapid vertical ascent.

Mid-latitudes experience the most distinct seasonal variation because they are far enough from the equator to avoid constant heat and far enough from the poles to avoid constant cold. Low latitudes remain warm year-round, while high latitudes remain cold year-round.

1^st line of the passage

Large hailstones are an indication of powerful updraft and downdraft winds within a thunderstorm. This is why large hail is associated with severe thunderstorms.