Cell Biology and Structure

Ribosomes are small granules that synthesise proteins.

A vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast it separates the vacuolar contents from the cell's cytoplasm.

Plastids are found in plant cells only. They are double membrane bounded structures. They have extra nuclear DNA. Chromoplasts and leucoplasts are the two types of plastids.

Yes, all are correct. As the wall grows out of the parent cell nuclear material, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and other cytoplasmic inclusions are passed into the bud region.

Ependyma is the thin epithelium-like lining of the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Ependyma is one of the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS). It is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Ribosomes are cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis. They read messenger RNA (mRNA) and assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains according to the genetic code. Chloroplasts are for photosynthesis, chromosomes contain DNA, and cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls.

Apical meristem is the tissue at the tips of roots and stems where active cell division occurs, enabling growth in length. This region contains undifferentiated cells that can specialize into various plant tissues. Areolar tissue is loose connective tissue, antigens trigger immune responses, and axons are nerve fibers.

A gland is a specialized group of cells that produces and secretes chemical substances like hormones, enzymes, or sweat. Examples include sweat glands, endocrine glands, and exocrine glands. Elastin is a protein, coagulation is a process, and epidermis is a tissue layer.

The epidermis is the outermost layer of cells in multicellular organisms, serving as the protective barrier against environmental factors. It prevents water loss and protects against pathogens. Elastin is a protein, erythrocytes are red blood cells, and epithelium is a broader tissue category.

Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance that fills the space between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope. It contains organelles, cytosol, and various inclusions. Protoplasm refers to all living contents of the cell, chromosome is genetic material, and cellulose is a plant cell wall component.

The plasma membrane (also called cell membrane) is the outer boundary that separates the cell from its external environment. It controls what enters and exits the cell. Cytoplasm is inside the membrane, protoplasm includes all living contents, and nucleus is the central organelle.

Protoplasm is the living substance that makes up a cell, consisting of cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles. Cytoplasm is just the gel outside the nucleus, gene is a unit of heredity, and DNA is the genetic material within the nucleus.

Atrophy is the decrease in size of a cell, tissue, or organ that was previously normal in size, often due to disuse, poor nutrition, or nerve damage. Anemia is a blood disorder, 'a deficiency disease' is too vague, and dehydration is fluid loss - neither describes shrinkage of developed structures.

The nucleoid is a circular DNA molecule that regulates all the functions of the cell.

Both b and c are correct. b is incorrect.