Carbohydrates and Biomolecules

Glycogen is an animal starch. It is a polysaccharide food reserve in animal, bacteria, and fungi. It is stored mainly in liver and muscles. The granules of glycogen are ellipsoid flattened structures that lie freely inside the cell. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating disaccharide units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The question might be referring to specific complex polysaccharides; however, agar-agar is also a complex mixture. Given the options, Hyaluronic acid is the standard answer in many textbooks for this context.

Glucose is the simplest 6 carbon molecule that is the most common monomer of carbohydrates. It is the most abundant monosaccharide with the molecular formula C$ _6$H$ _1$$ _2$O$ _6$. It is mostly made by plants and green algae during photosynthesis.

A non-reducing sugar is a carbohydrate that is not oxidized by a weak oxidizing agent (an oxidizing agent that oxidizes aldehydes but not alcohols, such as the Tollen's reagent) in basic aqueous solution. The characteristic property of non-reducing sugars is that, in basic aqueous medium, they do not generate any compounds containing an aldehyde group. Example : sucrose, which contains neither a hemiacetal group nor a hemiketal group and, therefore, is stable in water.

• Polysaccharides are carbohydrates whose molecules are made up of sugar molecules bonded together. They are composed of long-chain of monosaccharides. They range in structure from linear to highly branched form. They are made up of sugar mainly including glucose, fructose, etc.

Simple sugars are the monomers for the polysaccharides or carbohydrates. Simple sugars include glucose, fructose, ribose, xylose, etc.

Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in humans, animals, and fungi

Carbohydrates are also called saccharides because their basic components are sugars. Monosaccharides are those sugars or simple carbohydrate monomers which cannot be hydrolysed further into smaller components. They have a general formula of $C _nH _{2n}O _n$. Depending upon the number of carbon atoms, monosaccharides are of five types : trioses (having 3 carbon atoms, glyceraldehyde), tetroses (having four carbon atoms, e.g., erythrose), pentoses (having five carbon atoms, e.g, ribose), hexoses (having six carbon atoms, e.g.; glucose), heptoses (having seven carbon atoms, e.g., sedoheptulose).

Photosynthesis is a process of generating the food for green plants and other organisms. It involves the conversion of light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy in form of ATP. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water. In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis. Such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Thus, option A is correct. Carbohydrates are not produced by fungi and viruses. Thus, other options are wrong.

Chitin is a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, which is a derivative of glucose. It is classified as a polysaccharide.

Chhtitn is the main ingredient in the exoskeletons of arthropods and crustaceans and is also in the cell walls of fungi. That means everything from beetles, spiders, and butterflies to lobsters, crabs, and shrimps have some chitin in their protective armors.

Raw banana has a bitter taste due to the presence of starch. When the banana ripens, the starch is converted to sugar in the form of glucose. The sugar is responsible for providing a sweet taste. So, the conversion is starch to sugar.