Botany and Plant Science

It is happening during stage 3 of endospore formation. In second stage an inward folding of the cell membrane to enclose part of the DNA occurs and produces the forespore septum which is followed by the next stage in which the membrane continues to grow and engulfs the immature spore in a second membrane.

Grafting and budding are methods of asexual plant propagation that join plant parts, so they will grow as one plant. These techniques are used to propagate cultivars that will not root well as cuttings or whose own root systems are inadequate. One or more new cultivars can be added to existing fruit and nut trees by grafting or budding.  The portion of the cultivar that is to be propagated is called the scion. It consists of a piece of shoot with dormant buds that will produce the stem and branches. The rootstock, or stock, provides the new plant’s root system and sometimes the lower part of the stem. The cambium is a layer of cells located between the wood and bark of a stem from which new bark and wood cells originate.

To avoid self pollination, maturation of stamens and pistils occurs at different times, which is called dichogamy.

It is a complex fertilisation mechanism of flowering plants (angiosperms). This process involves the joining of a female gametophyte with two male gametes (sperms).

After fertilisation, diploid secondary nucleus becomes triploid. Initially it is diploid, but it fuses with one of the male gametes which is haploid; so finally after fusion, it becomes triploid i.e. 3n. Hence, it is the correct answer.

In a process called microsporogenesis, four haploid microspores are produced from each diploid sporogenous mother cells.

Pollen grains are the haploid structures which represent male or micro gametophytes.

It is formed by an enlarged, fleshy, hollow receptacle with multiple ovaries on the inside surface. In essence, it is really a fleshy stem with a number of flowers, so it is considered both a multiple and accessory fruit. It develops from hypanthodium inflorescence.

Microsporogenesis comprises the events which lead to the formation of the haploid unicellular microspores. It occurs in anther.

Both POP2 and POP3 are the genes directing pollen tube to ovule.

In basal placentation, the placenta develops at the base of ovary and a single ovule is attached to it, as in sunflower and marigold.

Radicle is enclosed in a sheath called coleorhiza

Fabaceae; Inflorescence is racemose. Flower is bisexual, zygomorphic.

In conjoint type of vascular bundles, the xylem and phloem are situated at the same radius of vascular bundles. Such vascular bundles are common in stems and leaves.

There are five petals, the largest (standard) overlaps the two lateral petals (wings), which in turn overlap the two smallest anterior petals (keel); this type of aestivation is known as vexillary.