Botany and Plant Science

In this case, the adhesion is between stamens and carpels. Anthers unite with stigma to form gynostegium, e.g. Calotropis.

Xylem tissues are present in plants to conduct water from roots to leaves. Plastids are the pigment containing organelles. They are responsible to impart colour to the plants.

When culturing anthers, haploid plants come from pollen grains (generative or vegetative cells). Diploid plants result from contamination by diploid cells of the anther wall (2n), which are somatic cells that can grow alongside the intended haploid cultures. The exine is just the pollen outer wall and cannot produce plants.

Young pollen grains are immature male gametophytes that are haploid (n). When anthers are cultured in nutrient medium, pollen grains can divide and form haploid callus tissue, which can regenerate into complete haploid plants - a process called androgenesis. Other tissues mentioned are diploid or somatic.

Option 2 is correct because in gametophytic self-incompatibility, the S₂ pollen would successfully pollinate the S₁S₅ flower, but the S₅ pollen would not.

Velamen is the tissue of water-absorbing dead cells present below the epidermis of aerial roots of some plants, e.g., orchidaceae.

Statement (d) is correct. Vascular bundles are radially arranged.

Vascular bundles of monocot stem are conjoint and collateral and scattered in ground tissue.

Parenchyma is the most simple and unspecialized tissue, which is concerned mainly with the vegetative activities of the plant.

Statement (a) is incorrect. It is apical in nature, not sub-terminal.

All the statements are correct.

Statement (c) is correct. Tracheid are single cell structures, elongated with tapering ends and shorter in size than vessels.

None of the statement is incorrect.

Statement (c) is incorrect. Annual rings do not occur in dicot trees, growing on sea-shores because there is little climatic variation.

Statements (b) and (c) are correct.