Biology · Science General

Botany and Plant Science

4,989 Questions

Botany and plant science delve into the biological study of plant life, covering structural anatomy, physiological processes, and reproductive mechanisms. Key topics include inflorescence patterns, root modifications, and seed development, which are vital for biology sections in medical entrance exams. This collection of practice questions helps solidify understanding of complex plant functions.

Plant ReproductionPlant AnatomyRoot ModificationsInflorescence PatternsPlant Morphology

Botany and Plant Science Questions

Multiple choice botany kingdom plantae introduction to pteridophytes cryptogams pteridophyta pteridophytes

The small heart-shaped gametophyte called a prothallus is part of the life cycle of the

  1. mosses

  2. ferns

  3. liverworts

  4. gnetophytes
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The gametophyte of ferns and other pteridophytes is known as the prothallus. It is one cell thick, usually heart or kidney shaped and does not have roots, stems or leaves, but it does have rhizoids that anchor it to the soil and help with absorption. Both female (archegonium) and male (antheridium) sex organs are present in the prothallus. 

So, the correct option is 'ferns'.

Multiple choice botany kingdom plantae introduction to pteridophytes cryptogams pteridophyta pteridophytes

Which statement is not applicable to fertilization in Dryopteris ? 

  1. Antherozoids are multi-flagellated and spirally coiled

  2. At maturity, neck canal cell and ventral canal cells are degenerated forming malic acid.

  3. Antheroizoids show chemotropic attraction towards malic acid.

  4. After fusion of male and female gamete, diploid oospore is produced inside archegonia.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Each sperm of antherozoids is spirally coiled (2-3 coils) multiflagellated bearing 40-50 whiplash type flagella which are not applicable to fertilization in Dryopteris.

So the correct option is 'Antherozoids are multi-flagellated and spirally coiled.'

Multiple choice botany kingdom plantae introduction to pteridophytes cryptogams pteridophyta pteridophytes

In ________, a dominant and independent diploid sporophyte alternates with a short-lived, independent haploid gametophyte.

  1. algae

  2. bryophytes

  3. pteridophytes

  4. gymnosperms
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

ln pteridophytes, the diploid sporophyte is represented by a dominant, independent, photosynthetic, vascular plant body. It alternates with multicellular, saprophytic autotrophic, independent but short-lived haploid gametophyte.

So the correct option is C.

Multiple choice botany kingdom plantae introduction to pteridophytes cryptogams pteridophyta pteridophytes

Which one of the following is a correct statement?

  1. Pteridophyte gametophyte has a protonemal and leafy stage.

  2. In gymnosperms, female gametophyte is free-living

  3. Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are present in pteridophytes.

  4. Origin of seed habit can be traced in pteridophytes.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Bryophytes are an informal group consisting of three divisions of non-vascular land plants: the liverworts, hornworts and mosses. They are characteristically limited in size and prefer moist habitats although they can survive in drier environments. A bryophyte spore germinates and produces an often algal-like mat, called a protonema (plural protonemata) and the leafy or thalloid stage of the gametophyte develops from the protonemal stage. The protonemata are almost always ephemeral but there are exceptions. Amongst the mosses there is a small number of species in which the protonemata are persistent and the leafy plants are ephemeral. The spore was haploid and so are the resulting protonema and the ensuing leafy or thalloid stages.

So the correct option is 'pteridophyta gametophyte has a protonema and leafy stage'.

Multiple choice botany kingdom plantae introduction to pteridophytes cryptogams pteridophyta pteridophytes

Adult sporophyte and gametophyte are both free living in a

  1. Fungus

  2. Moss

  3. Fern

  4. Conifer
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Most of the algae have dominant gametophyte generations. But in some species, the gametophytes and sporophytes are morphologically similar. An independent sporophyte is a dominant form in all clubmosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms that have survived to the present day. The gametophyte is dominant in the mosses, liverworts & hornworts only. In mosses, the gametophyte feeds its small attached offspring sporophyte. The mature sporophyte is composed of a "foot" that remains stuck in the gametophyte moss carpet. The sporophyte stands above the moss mat as a long stalk and a capsule that looks like a salt shaker at the tip.
The sporophyte is dominant in all other plants: the ferns, club mosses, horsetails, the gymnosperm (conifers, cycads, ginkgo), and the angiosperm.
In gymnosperm and angiosperm, the entire gametophyte generation is miniature and contained in the cones or the flowers.

Multiple choice botany kingdom plantae introduction to pteridophytes cryptogams pteridophyta pteridophytes

Fern phloem lacks

  1. Sieve tubes

  2. Companion cells

  3. Phloem parenchyma

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Fern phloem lacks companion cells. Placenta in fern is the place of attachment of sporangia.
Companion cells occur only in angiosperms.
Companion cell is any of a number of specialized parenchyma cells adjacent to a sieve tube in the phloem of flowering plants, believed to regulate the flow of nutrients through the tube.

Multiple choice botany kingdom plantae introduction to pteridophytes cryptogams pteridophyta pteridophytes

In pteridophytes, the xylem mainly consists of

  1. Vessels

  2. Sclerids

  3. Tracheids

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Pteridophyta is the primitive vascular plants. They are also called as vascular cryptogams. They are flowerless, seedless, spore-bearing vascular plants. In pteridophytes, the xylem mainly consists of tracheids and xylem parenchyma. Generally, vessels are absent but some primitive types of vessels are present in some of the species.

Multiple choice botany kingdom plantae introduction to pteridophytes cryptogams pteridophyta pteridophytes

Fern rhizome is

  1. Root

  2. Stem

  3. Rhizophore

  4. Rhizoid
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
Fern stems are often called rhizomes, but this term refers to those with a long-creeping or climbing habit. If the stem is short and compact and radially symmetric, either erect, prostrate or ascending then it is called a caudex or rootstock. In some cases, the caudex is erect and tree-like with an apical radial tuft of leaves (Cyathea, Dicksonia, Leptopteris, some Blechnum, Thelypteridaceae) in which case it is often called a trunk. Creeping rhizomes can be either long-creeping with widely spaced fronds or short-creeping with fronds relatively close together. The rhizomes can be radial or radially symmetric or dorsiventral with leaves or fronds produced on the dorsal or upper side and roots produced on ventral or lower side.
Some plants have rhizomes that grow above ground or that lie at the soil surface, including some Iris species, and ferns, whose spreading stems are rhizomes. Plants with underground rhizomes include gingers, bamboo, the Venus Flytrap, Chinese lantern, Western poison-oak, hops, and Alstroemeria, and the weeds Johnson grass, Bermuda grass, and purple nutsedge. Rhizomes generally form a single layer, but in Giant Horsetails, can be multi-tiered
So, the correct answer is 'Stem'
Multiple choice botany kingdom plantae introduction to pteridophytes cryptogams pteridophyta pteridophytes

What happens to motile spore after it ejects from sporophytes in pteridophyte plants?

  1. It germinates to become another spore forming a fern plant

  2. It germinates to become a prothallus

  3. It joins with another spore to become a seedling

  4. It encysts and devours by snail-like organisms
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Pteridophytes are seedless ferns. They use sexual and asexual mode of reproduction. Spores produced by pteridophytes that help in sexual reproduction. These spores are carried long distances for pollination by abiotic factors like wind, water, etc. Once the spore reaches its destination, it releases the male gametes into the female reproductive system and merges with the female gamete. After successful divisions, it germinates to become prothallus, i.e, the young ones of pteridophytes. So, the correct answer is option B.

Multiple choice botany kingdom plantae introduction to pteridophytes cryptogams pteridophyta pteridophytes

Which is important in development of seed habit?

  1. Dependent sporophyte

  2. Haplontic life cycle

  3. Heterospory

  4. Free living gametophyte
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Heterospory is considered a crucial evolutionary step toward the seed habit, as it leads to the retention of the megaspore and the development of the female gametophyte within the parent plant.

Multiple choice botany kingdom plantae introduction to pteridophytes cryptogams pteridophyta pteridophytes

Choose the correct answers from the alternatives given.
In the fern cycle, which of the following generation is dominant?

  1. Haploid gametophyte

  2. Diploid gametophyte

  3. Haploid sporophyte

  4. Diploid sporophyte
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation
In the fern cycle, the sporophyte generation is dominant because the fern does not possess seeds, they only possess spores and thus diploid sporophyte is the dominant generation. In fern, gametophytes are tiny and only live for a few days. 
Multiple choice botany kingdom plantae introduction to pteridophytes cryptogams pteridophyta pteridophytes

In fern, rhizome

  1. Vessels are absent.

  2. Sieve tubes are absent.

  3. Parenchyma is absent.

  4. Tracheids are absent.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Fern stems are often called rhizomes, but this term refers to those with a long-creeping or climbing habit. If the stem is short and compact and radially symmetric, either erect, prostrate or ascending then it is called a caudex or rootstock. In some cases, the caudex is erect and tree-like with an apical radial tuft of leaves in which case it is often called a trunk. The rhizomes of ferns are very rarely naked and usually have some form of covering, especially on their growing tips, to provide protection from the extremes of temperature, desiccation, predation and physical abrasion. The rhizome have sieve tubes but there are no vessels. 

So, the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice botany kingdom plantae introduction to pteridophytes cryptogams pteridophyta pteridophytes

Read statements $a-e$. How many are correct (a) In Equisetum the female gametophyte is retained on the parent sporophyte (b) In Ginkgo, male gametophyte is not independent (c) Riccia sporophyte is more developed than that in Polytrichum (d) Sexual reproduction in Volvox is isogamous (e) The spores of slime moulds lack cell walls.

  1. One

  2. Two

  3. Three

  4. Four
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Only statement (b) is correct: Ginkgo male gametophytes are not independent. (a) is false because Equisetum gametophytes are independent. (c) is false because Polytrichum sporophytes are more complex than Riccia. (d) is false because Volvox reproduction is oogamous. (e) is false because slime mould spores have cellulose cell walls.