Botany and Plant Science

These roots grow downward from lateral branches in the soil. They are adventitious support roots, which are prominent in mangroves.

These roots expand radially and contract longitudinally within the soil. They have a wrinkled surface, e.g. Dandelion.

Endosperm is the tissue formed inside the seeds of flowering plants during the time of fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch. Xenia denotes the effect of pollen on endosperm.

Anthers are removed during emasculation to prevent cross pollination.

Here the micropyle, chalaza and funicle are in a straight line. This is the most primitive type of ovule, e.g. piper, polygonum, cycas.

It is effective mechanical tissue of growing organs where it can give strength and elasticity.

Middle lamella is colloidal in nature. It is composed of magnesium and calcium pectate.

These are found in the stem and leaf sheaths of many monocots particularly grass.

Velamen is a spongy, multiple epidermis that covers the roots of some epiphytic or semiepiphytic plants, such as orchids.

When phloem and cambium are present on both sides of xylem, the vascular bundles are called bicollateral vascular bundles.

The older, nonliving central wood of a tree or woody plant, usually darker and harder than the younger sapwood. It is also called duramen.

A tangential section is a longitudinal section of a stem where the section is perpendicular to the tangent or radius of the stem.

Here, solid core of xylem is surrounded by phloem.

Cleistogamy or automatic self-pollination describes the trait of certain plants to propagate by using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers.

Embryo sac is the female gametophyte in which the diploid embryo develops.