Botany and Plant Science

Glumes represent bracts. Glumes are a basal, membranous, outer sterile husk or bract in the flowers of grasses (Poaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae). A bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are often different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger or of a different colour, shape or texture. Typically, they also look different from the parts of the flower, such as the petals or sepals. 
Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Autogamy is pollination within a flower. Chasmogamous flowers are those in which anthers and stigma are exposed. For autogamy, in such a flower to take place, pollen and ovule should mature simultaneously and anther and stigma should lie close to each other.

The non-essential parts of the flower are those that are not involved in the process of fertilization directly. These are called the accessory whorls. The calyx (made up of sepals) and corolla (made up of petals) represent the accessory whorls. In some flowers, the calyx and corolla are not differentiated or distinct. Then the resultant structure is called perianth whose individual units are called tepals.

The flowers of Bougainvillea are bright pink in colour because of the colour of the bracts. These flowers do not have a distinct and differentiated corolla as well as calyx. Three tiny flowers are surrounded by the bracts. These bracts are modified leaves. They protect the flower and attract the pollinators.

When the flowers are laterally borne, then the side of the flower towards the apex of central axis or mother axis is considered to be the posterior side in a floral diagram while the side opposite to the posterior side is towards bracts and is called the anterior side. So, side of the flower towards the bract is called the anterior side.

When the calyx and corolla are indistinct and undifferentiated, the resultant whorl is called the perianth. 

The whorl perianth represents undifferentiated calyx and corolla. Its individual units are called tepals. Tepals can be petaloid if coloured bright or sepaloid if green.

Achlamydeous condition refers to the absence of both the calyx and the corolla. Instead, there is a presence of the whorl called perianth. This type of condition is seen in betel, belonging to the family Piperaceae.

Involucre refers to the group of bracts that are arranged in one or more whorls around the flowers. Example, sunflower.

Flowers are the site of sexual reproduction in a flowering plant. They are a morphological and embryological marvel. The proximal end of the filament of the stamen is attached to the thalamus or the petal of the flower. The number and length of stamens are variable in flowers of different species. The number varies from 3 to 10 in different species. Also, the size of stamens varies largely in different species. Stamen attached to the petal is called as epipetalous. For example, Brinjal.

Bougainvillea flower of the plant is generally white and in which each cluster of 3 flowers is surrounded by 3 or 6 bracts with the bright colors associated with the plant, including purple, magenta, red, pink, white, or yellow, orange,

A flower having sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils are complete; lacking one or more of such structures, it is said to be incomplete. Stamens and pistils are not present together in all flowers. Rose, hibiscus, Oxalis, are a few examples

The Tudor rose is the traditional floral symbol of England. The shamrock is for Ireland, and the others are not national symbols of England.

Lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn) is the national flower of India. It is a sacred flower and occupies a unique position in the art and mythology of ancient India and has been an auspicious symbol of Indian culture since time immemorial.