Botany and Plant Science

Pneumatophores are specialized aerial roots that grow upwards to facilitate gas exchange in the oxygen-poor, waterlogged soils typical of halophytic environments. Velamen is found in epiphytes, lenticels in stems, and hydathodes in leaves for guttation.

Vivipary is a condition where seeds germinate while still attached to the parent plant. This is a characteristic adaptation of mangroves like Rhizophora to survive in unstable, saline environments.

Pneumatophores are respiratory roots that emerge from the soil to obtain oxygen in anaerobic conditions. They are a defining feature of mangroves, which are halophytic plants.

A bisexual flower (or “perfect”) has both stamens and carpels, and a unisexual flower (or “imperfect”) lacks stamens is called staminate.

Balanophora is a well known example of a parasitic plant that attaches to the roots of host plants to obtain nutrients, making it a root parasite.

• Pitcher plants are several different carnivorous plants which have modified leaves (act as a pitcher) which are known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. 
• These plants trap harmful insects and kill them with the help of digestive fluid.

Cuscuta (Dodder) plant is an obligate or total stem parasite. It lacks chlorophyll and has no connection with the soil after the seeding stage. Therefore it is totally dependent on the host for organic food materials and supply of water and minerals salts. The parasitic plant pierces the stem and sucks the nutrients from the host plant.

• Trypsin is working as a digestive enzyme to break down proteins in the small intestine.
• Some plants eat insects. Such plants are called insectivorous plants. They trap and digest insects. The insect is then digested by the enzyme pepsin secreted by the cells of the plants. Example -The protease secreted in the pitcher fluid is pepsin-like.
• Pectinase is the enzyme that breaks down pectin and polysaccharides found in plant cell walls.
• Cellulase is the enzyme that converts cellulose into glucose or a disaccharide.

So option B is correct.

In flowering plants, the tapetum is the innermost layer of the anther wall that provides nutrients to developing microspores and contributes substances to the pollen wall, including those involved in self-incompatibility.

Sporophytic self-incompatibility is typically associated with 2-celled pollen at the time of shedding. 3-celled pollen is characteristic of gametophytic self-incompatibility systems.

Arceuthobium is the genus of parasitic plants. The host of this plants are members of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. The stem is reduced and the leaves are minute structures. The flowers are sessile. Most of the parasitic plant is covered beneath the bark of the host plant. 

Weak stemmed plants climb over the support are called twinners. They climb by the stem itself.

The standard sequence of fungal infection begins with spore germination to form a germ tube, followed by the swelling of its tip into an appressorium, mechanical or chemical penetration of the host cuticle, and finally the development of haustoria inside host cells.