Botany and Plant Science

A flower having sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils are complete; lacking one or more of such structures, it is said to be incomplete. Stamens and pistils are not present together in all flowers. Rose, hibiscus, Oxalis, are a few examples

The Tudor rose is the traditional floral symbol of England. The shamrock is for Ireland, and the others are not national symbols of England.

Lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn) is the national flower of India. It is a sacred flower and occupies a unique position in the art and mythology of ancient India and has been an auspicious symbol of Indian culture since time immemorial.

• Cicer arietinum ( chickpeas ) are one of the most widely consumed pulses in the world.
• They are a great source of plant based protein, providing 20% or higher of the daily value of protein.
• They also contain exceptional levels of iron,vitamin B$ _6$ and magnesium.
• So the correct answer is 'Cicer arietinum'

The nitrogenous compound in our diet is a protein which is made up of various amino acids containing the amino group. These are found in the nodulated plants that mostly belongs to family Fabaceae includes all types of pulses, soybean, til.

Halophytes are salt lovers. They are the plants of saline habitats, which have not only the ability to tolerate high concentrations of salts in their rooting medium but are able to obtain their water supply from the same. Halophytes grow in saline soils like sea shores and marshes.

• Mangroves are marshy areas found in tropical deltas and saline ponds near sea shores. An important characteristic of mangrove plants is vivipary or seed germination while fruit is attached to plant. The seedling grows sufficiently before it falls into the saline marsh. Only the radicle part passes into mud or water while the plumule part remains above the surface of water, e.g., Rhizophora, Aegiceras, Ceriops.
• Heterospory is shown by pteridophytes and seeded plants which means the production of different kinds of spores; microspores and megaspores. 
• Parthenocarpy is the process of formation of fruit without fertilization.
• Apospory is the formation of gametophyte directly from sporophyte without meiosis.

• A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water. They protect shorelines from damaging storm and hurricane winds, waves, and floods.
• mangroves disperse propagules via water with varying degrees of vivipary or embryonic development while the propagule is attached to the parent tree. Hence mangroves exhibit vivipary.
  
• Pneumatophores are specialized root structures that grow out from the water surface and facilitate the aeration necessary for root respiration in hydrophytic trees. For example, mangroves. 
• Pneumatophores are the supporting roots for mangroves.
• Hence Vivipary, Pneumatophores, and Supporting roots are the characteristics of mangroves.
• So, the correct answer is 'All the above'.

A halophyte is a plant, that grows in waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs, and seashores.

The soil in coastal region is poorly aerated and it contains very small percentage of oxygen, because of waterlogging. Under such conditions, the roots of halophytes do not get sufficient aeration. In order to compensate this lack of soil aeration, the hydro-halophytes develop special type of negatively geotropic roots, called as pneumatophores or breathing roots. The pneumatophores usually develop from the underground roots and project in the air well above the surface of mud and water. They appear as peg-like structures. The tips of these respiratory roots may be pointed. They possess numerous lenticels or pneumathodes on their surface and prominent aerenchyma enclosing large air cavities internally. The gaseous exchange takes place in these roots through the lenticels.

A number of halophyte plants possess small negatively geotropic vertical roots, called as pneumatophores. Pneumatophores have lenticels for gaseous exchange. They are connected with internal aerenchymatous tissue.

A rhizophore is a specialized organ found in plants like Selaginella that acts as an intermediate structure, exhibiting characteristics of both roots and stems.

Mangroves possess various root adaptations to survive in waterlogged, anaerobic, and saline soils, including pneumatophores for gas exchange, and stilt/prop roots for structural support.

Viviparity (seeds germinating while still attached to the parent) and pneumatophores (aerial roots for breathing) are classic adaptations of mangrove species, which are halophytes.

A. Apospory -include formation of Diploid gametophytes, without meiosis and spores, from vegetative cells of the sporophyte. for example - mosses and ferns.
B. Heterospory- is fornation of spores of two different sizes i.e smaller of these, the microspore, is male and the larger megaspore is female by the sporophytes of land plants. for example -pteridophytes -Selaginella and Salvinia.
C. Parthenocarpy is the development of a fruit without fertilization, which makes the fruit seedless, for example- Pineapple, banana.