Botany and Plant Science

Rhizophora develops respiratory roots, which develop from underground roots. These roots are called pneumatophores. 

Adventitious buds are subnormal buds found at points along the stem. They arise from latent or dormant buds in the leaf axils of the young stem and persist for an indefinite number of years within the cortical-cambial zone.

Pulvinus leaf base is an important feature of Legume family. 

 All the florets are disc florets in vernonia.

 Gemmules are internal buds found in sponges and are involved in asexual reproduction. It is an asexually reproduced mass of cells, that is capable of developing into a new organism i.e., an adult sponge.

  InCanna flowers are asymmetrical.

 Gnetum is a gymnosperm which has vessels.

 Bulliform cells are upper epidermal cells which are large and bubble shaped.They are found in grass and enable leaves to roll up during water scarcity and prevents loss of water from the surface of the leaf.

Secondary xylem is formed to the inside and secondary phloem is formed to the outside of the vascular cambium which is a type of secondary meristem.

 Lysigenous cavities are formed by the autolysis or degeneration of glandular cells, so that secretions from cells are poured into the space formed.

Spores are the microscopic structures formed during the life cycle of many fungi. Each spore, upon falling on suitable substratum (medium on which an organism depends for deriving its food), grows into a complete organism, which can later divide and form a complete colony. Spore-bearing structures are called sporangia and they are present on stalks called sporangiophores. Capsules refer to dry and indehiscent fruits. When they split, seeds fall out from them. Cysts are hard covered bodies formed under unfavourable conditions in bacteria and they produce daughter cells, and not spores. Similarly, buds also do not bear spores as buds are bulging outgrowths of the parent body which, after maturation, detaches itself from the parent body and develops into a new individual. Buds and spores are two different means of asexual reproduction.

The leaves of Bryophyllum plant help in vegetative propagation. The notches of these leaves contain vegetative buds, which can grow to produce roots and small shoots that later make a new plant. Its roots, stem or flowers have no such vegetative buds to take part in the reproduction process.

In this modification, the leaf gets modified to spine to protect the plant.

In this, the obtuse apex has a shallow notch.

The exosmosis of water will take place with swelling of the cell placed in water.