Botany and Plant Science

An apogamy is the development of 1n sporophytes without gametes.

As with all plants, in pteridophytes, meiosis is sporic, meaning that cells of the sporophyte undergo meiosis and generate spores that then develop into the gametophyte via mitosis.

Conducting tissues help in the transportation in plants. They are Xylem and Phloem. Xylem helps in transport of water where as Phloem helps in conduction of food.

Phloem takes part in translocation of food.The phloem is concerned mainly with the transport of soluble organic material made during photosynthesis. This process of transportation is called translocation.

Egg represents the female gamete of angiosperms.Female gametophyte formation is required for sexual and asexual seed development in angiosperms.

Flower is a modified shoot.The sepals and petals may be regarded as modified leaves. Stamens and carpels also show some resemblance to leaves in position, arrangement, internal structure and development.

Stamen is a male reproductive part of a flower.A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament and an anther which contains microsporangia.

The pollen grains are produced in pollen sac. In angiosperms there are usually four pollen sacs in each anther; they contain the microspore mother cells. In gymnosperms variable numbers of pollen sacs are borne on the microsporophylls that make up the male cone.

Megaspore is a part of female reproductive system.These are fertilized by sperm produced by the male gametophyte developing from the microspore.

Stamens and carpels are reproductive parts of a flower.A stamen typically consists of a filament bearing two chambered anthers which contain pollen. The pistil consists of one or more carpels, each consisting of an ovary, style and stigma.

The fruit develops from ovary.

The pollination of anther through water is called hydrophily.It can occur in one of two ways. Either the pollen grains themselves are carried on or under the surface of the water, or the male flowers break off and float along until they come into contact with a female flower.

Pollen obtains its nutrition from tapetum.The tapetum is a layer of nutritive cells found within the sporangium, particularly within the anther, of flowering plants.

Grafting is not possible in monocots as they lack cambium as it helps in binding the two parts of the stem.

Ovule integument gets transformed into seed coat. It is The outer protective covering of a seed.,Also called testa.