Botany and Plant Science

n = n+ n /4

n= no. of seeds

The stomata are pores in leaves. They are responsibe for gas exchange. These are  special type of pore opening on leaves of plants. They are designed to absorb water from sources such as rain while also removing excess water in the plant through transpiration.

Generally vegetative propagation occurs through root or stem, bue Bryophyllum is an exception where it takes place through the leaf. Small plants develop at the margins of the leaves.The plantlets fall off the leaf and will grow into a new plants if the conditions are suitable.

Pollen grains are minute grains, usually yellow in color but occasionally white, brown, red, or purple, borne in the anther sac at the tip of the slender filament of the stamen of a flowering plant or in the male cone of a conifer. The pollen grain is actually the male  gametophyte.Pollen grains may have furrows, the orientation of which (relative to the original tetrad of microspores) classify the pollen as colpate or sulcate.

The flowering plants or angiosperms (Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most diverse group of land plants. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms are the only extant groups of seed plants.

Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They often are  brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. Together, all of the petals of a flower are called a  corrola.

Found in the vascular cambium of dicot trees just beneath the bark. They are responsible for the increase in diameter of the stem.They are located in growing tips of root and shoot.The cells are spherical, oval, polygonal or rectangular.

It is the feature of monocot stem .In dicots hypodermis contains collenchymatous cells.

In plants the pericycle is the layer just inside the endodermis. It retains the capacity to divide and form branch roots.

Primary growth occurs only at the shoot and root tips in areas called apical meristems. Primary growth is responsible for elongating the plant. In areas that contain only primary growth, stem thickness increases by cell enlargement, not by the production of new cells.

Areas within the plant that are capable of growth (cell division) are called meristems.Primary growth occurs only at the shoot and root tips in areas called apical meristems. Primary growth is responsible for elongating the plant. In areas that contain only primary growth, stem thickness increases by cell enlargement, not by the production of new cells.Lateral meristemsproduce new cells that make the stems and roots thicker. This type of growth is called secondary growth. Secondary growth occurs only during the second and subsequent years and only in woody species.

Conifers, as their name hints, bear cones,like the cone of the Loblolly Pine, Pinus taeda, shown at the right -- instead of real fruits. Only flowering plants have real fruits, and conifers are gymnosperms, which are not considered flowering plants.

There are two kinds of lateral meristems, the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. These lateral meristems form as rings within the plant body as the stem increases in thickness. The diagrams below illustrate how the vascular cambium divides to produce new xylem cells toward the inside of the vascular cambium and new phloem cells toward the outside.

Size varies from plant to plant.