Biomolecules and Enzymes

Glutamine and Glycine are not basic amino acids. Only Arginine and Histidine are basic amino acids. Histidine is weakly charged under physiological ph. Hence, Arginine is the most basic amino acid. 

Hemoglobin has four chains: two alpha chains and two beta chains with heme and iron part along with oxygen. There are some hydrophobic substances (water-hating) present on the surface of proteins. These hydrophobic residues forms cluster and pocket-like structure on the surface of beta chains. These pockets are responsible for diseases like sickle cell anemia also in the beta chain the position of glutamic acid at sixth place in the chain is replaced by valine leading to the shape of red blood cells to be sickle-like due to loss of oxygen.

Single cell proteins are derived from the dried cells of microorganisms such as algae, fungi, yeast, or bacteria, which are used as a protein source.

A- Single-cell proteins (SCP) are produced by a range of microorganisms and substrate. They are dried cells of microorganism. When SCP is produced, the microbial products produce sufficient proteinaceous substances that can be utilized as protein supplements for animal feeds or human foods. It is estimated that algae grown in ponds can produce 20 tons (dry weight) of protein, per acre, per year.

Spirulina is a cyanobacterium known for having an exceptionally high protein content, often ranging from 60 to 70 percent of its dry weight, which is significantly higher than common legumes like peas or peanuts.

Pancreatic juice contains pancreatic amylase, lipase and trypsin, trypsin converts polypeptides into the dipeptides in the first part of small intestine i.e., duodenum. The succus entricus in the third part of small intestine i.e., ileum converts dipeptides into the amino acids which are absorbed by the wall of the intestine. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Proteins are biopolymers made up of  by joining together of amino acids with the help of peptide bonds. When proteins are acted upon by digestive proteolytic enzymes in the gut the peptide bonds are hydrolyzed and a mixture of amino acids is obtained.

Covalent bonding for enzyme immobilization can utilize various carriers like cellulose, collagen, and gelatin, which provide functional groups for the attachment.

Interferons are a group of proteins called cytokines, produced by animal white blood cells, fibroblasts or T-cells as part of the immune response to a viral infection or other immune trigger. The name of proteins comes from their ability to interfere with the replication of new virus particles.
Interferons do not directly kill viral or cancerous cells. They boost the immune system response and reduce the growth of cancer cells by regulating the action of several genes that control the secretion of numerous cellular proteins that affect the growth.
The virus infected cells secrete a special protein that causes both infected and non infected cells, to produce other proteins that prevent viruses from replicating and protecting the non infected cells.
So the correct option is 'All of the above'.

Most amino acids are glucogenic (can be converted to glucose). However, Lysine and Leucine are strictly ketogenic and cannot be used for gluconeogenesis.

The correct answer is (c).

The different yolk's protein has distinct roles. Phosvitins are important in sequestering calcium, iron and other cations for the developing embryo. Phosvitins are one of the most phosphorylated (10%) proteins in nature, the high concentration of phosphate groups providing efficient metal-binding sites in clusters. Lipovitellins are involved in lipid and metal storage, and contain a heterogeneous mixture of about 16%  noncovalently bound lipid, most being phospholipid. Lipovitellin-1 contains two chains, LV1N and LV1C. Hence, option C is correct.

The genetic code is a set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins by living cells, specifically determining the sequence of amino acids.

Statement 1 is correct because the genetic code is degenerate (multiple codons for one amino acid). Statement 3 is correct because the genetic code is nearly universal. Statement 2 is false because some amino acids like methionine have only one codon. Statement 4 is false because bacteria use the same codon system.