Behavioral Psychology and Physiology

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test, that measures and records the electrical activity of the brain. Beta waves have a frequency of 13 to 30 cycles per second. These waves are normally found, when person is alert or have taken high doses of certain medicines, such as benzodiazepines.

Autonomic movement is the spontaneous movement of the protoplasm seen in aquatic plants due to internal stimulus. It is not related to the external stimulus. Movement of cilia and flagella is an example of autonomic movement. A movement shown by a plant part in response to an external factor is called as paratonic movement. In this, the direction of movement is controlled by the direction of the stimulus. 

Learning can be considered as an activity or skill. Achieving control of one's movements to learn to do something new is called learning a skill. Learning a skill is not limited to any particular area. It is a matter of interest. For example photography, painting, directing etc. For all these things we need skills.

Non-verbal communication is communication between people through sending and receiving wordless cues. It includes the use of visual cues such as body language, gestures, appearance, facial expressions, eye gaze etc.

A facial expression is a form of non-verbal communication. A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin of the face. Facial movements convey the emotional state of an individual to observers. Facial expressions are a primary means of conveying social information between humans. The facial expression of certain primary emotion is innate or natural born.

• Habituation is a behavior of an individual in which due to the prolonged or repeated stimulus, it loses its unusuality, hence, no response from one's body is seen towards that stimulus.
  
• For example, when a new tooth appears for the first time to infants, its unusual to them but later growth and development of the whole set of teeth doesn't bother much. 
  

• We move our hands while walking is a natural motion wherein each arm swings with the motion opposite that of the leg.
• Moving arms in an opposing direction with respect to the lower limb reduces the angular momentum of the body which helps in balancing the rotational motion produced during walking.
• Hence we move our hands while walking for balancing.
• So, the correct answer is 'Balancing'.
  

Reflex arc consists of sensory receptor, afferent neuron, centre, efferent neuron and effector organ. The reflexes that involve sensory and motor nerve fibres of cranial nerves and control the head region are known as cranial reflexes. Since, cranial reflexes involve head, eyes, nose, mouth, swallowing and facial expression, they produce the vital and involuntary responses. Spinal reflexes are the one in which spinal cord serves as centre without involvement of brain. They control the voluntary responses of other body parts via spinal cord. Salivation in response to sight/smell/thought of food, blushing and sneezing are involuntary actions, which involve mouth, facial expression and nose, and thus are categorized under cranial reflexes. Scratching is a voluntary response to itch stimulus in which brain is not involved and thus is a spinal reflex. 

Prone is the positioning of the face especially in severe acute respiratory diseases. It is the position of the face where it lying down. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

• Cilia can be defined as the tiny hair-like projections on the surface of the cell.
• These hair-like projections help in sweeping mucus, trapped dust and bacteria in the respiratory tracts.
  
• It beats asymmetrically by the sweeping action
• The asymmetrical beating pattern consists of two strokes- effective stroke and recovery stroke.
• In an effective stroke, the cilia are straight and generate flow in the same direction as its motion.
• Whereas, in recovery stroke, the cilia bend parallel to the surface and creates relatively weaker backward flow.
• So, the correct answer is 'Asymmetrically by sweeping action'.

To open or to shut a door the action of pulling and pushing can be applied.

Statoreceptors are the receptors for sense of balance and equilibrium. They are present in vestibular apparatus of inner ear. 

The cupula is a structure in the vestibular system, providing the sense of spatial orientation. The cupula is located within the ampullae of each of the three semicircular canals. Part of the crista ampullaris, the cupula has embedded hair cells that have several stereocilia associated with each kinocilium. The cupula itself is the gelatinous component of the crista ampullaris that extends from the crista to the roof of the ampullae. When the head rotates, the endolymph filling the semicircular ducts initially lags behind due to inertia. As a result, the cupula is deflected opposite the direction of head movement. As the endolymph pushes the cupula, the stereocilia are bent as well, stimulating the hair cells within the crista ampullaris. After a short time of continual rotation, however, the endolymphs acceleration normalizes with the rate of rotation of the semicircular ducts. As a result, the cupula returns to its resting position and the hair cells cease to be stimulated. This continues until the head stops rotating which simultaneously halts semicircular duct rotation.

Vestibular apparatus is present in the ear in association with the cochlea. This apparatus is responsible for balance and sense of orientation of the body in the air. This apparatus is connected to the auditory nerve and helps in carrying information about hearing and orientation. When the body is oriented in the different form by rotating the body for certain period of time, the nerve gets disturbed or pressed. This results in a sensation of falling and the person walk in a disoriented manner.