What is the function of the fourth paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole?

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

In a major step toward helping paralytic victims walk again, Duke University researchers have announced that they had proved monkeys can use their brainpower to control the walking patterns of robots. The investigators implanted Idoya, a rhesus monkey, with electrodes which gathered signals from her brain's motor and sensory cortex cells as she ambled along on a specially built child-size treadmill. The electrodes recorded the cells' responses as the monkey walked on the treadmill at different speeds; simultaneously, sensors on Idoya's legs tracked their patterns of movement. The information was transmitted real time from their lab in Durham, to control the commands of a humanoid robot in Kyoto, Japan.

Through the electrodes in her brain, the researchers discovered that some neurons fire at different phases and frequencies, depending on their role in the process. During the experiment, the robot continued to move for several minutes after Idoya stopped strolling on her treadmill indicating something else also.

The team’s goal is to finally enable real-time direct interfaces between a brain and electronic and mechanical devices that could be used to restore sensory and motor functions lost through injury or disease. The team hopes that one day soon, they will also master sufficient syntax to talk back to the brain, which would enable them, for instance, to build a human prosthetic arm laden with sensors to send tactile feedback into the somatosensory cortex of its user.

The experiment in monkey-to-robotic motion is the latest in a long series of studying the primate brain's ability to stimulate robotic arms through neural signals. In 2000 Nicolelis and his colleagues described how they had reliably translated the raw electrical brain activity of an owl monkey named Belle into signals that successfully directed the actions of robotic arms based both at Duke and at an MIT lab 965 kilometers away in Cambridge. Belle's tiny hand moved a joystick left or right to correspond with a horizontal series of lights on a display panel in a Duke lab; both robot arms followed suit.

Which of the following is/are NOT correct in the context of this passage?

(1) Fundamentally speaking, there appears to be great similarity at the functional level between the observations made in both the Bell and the Idoya cases. (2) The Aurora experiment proves that thoughts can, on their own, enable robotic movement if the relevant signals duly reach the recipient part even in the absence of actual physical contact. (3) It is only the signals that enable particular movements and it is the neurons that generate these signals. (4) Scientists have made sufficient headway in sending tactile feedback back to the user's brain.

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

In a major step toward helping paralytic victims walk again, Duke University researchers have announced that they had proved monkeys can use their brainpower to control the walking patterns of robots. The investigators implanted Idoya, a rhesus monkey, with electrodes which gathered signals from her brain's motor and sensory cortex cells as she ambled along on a specially built child-size treadmill. The electrodes recorded the cells' responses as the monkey walked on the treadmill at different speeds; simultaneously, sensors on Idoya's legs tracked their patterns of movement. The information was transmitted real time from their lab in Durham, to control the commands of a humanoid robot in Kyoto, Japan.

Through the electrodes in her brain, the researchers discovered that some neurons fire at different phases and frequencies, depending on their role in the process. During the experiment, the robot continued to move for several minutes after Idoya stopped strolling on her treadmill indicating something else also.

The team’s goal is to finally enable real-time direct interfaces between a brain and electronic and mechanical devices that could be used to restore sensory and motor functions lost through injury or disease. The team hopes that one day soon, they will also master sufficient syntax to talk back to the brain, which would enable them, for instance, to build a human prosthetic arm laden with sensors to send tactile feedback into the somatosensory cortex of its user.

The experiment in monkey-to-robotic motion is the latest in a long series of studying the primate brain's ability to stimulate robotic arms through neural signals. In 2000 Nicolelis and his colleagues described how they had reliably translated the raw electrical brain activity of an owl monkey named Belle into signals that successfully directed the actions of robotic arms based both at Duke and at an MIT lab 965 kilometers away in Cambridge. Belle's tiny hand moved a joystick left or right to correspond with a horizontal series of lights on a display panel in a Duke lab; both robot arms followed suit.

The author’s use of the phrase 'indicating something else also' in the 2^nd paragraph implies most likely which of the following?

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

In a major step toward helping paralytic victims walk again, Duke University researchers have announced that they had proved monkeys can use their brainpower to control the walking patterns of robots. The investigators implanted Idoya, a rhesus monkey, with electrodes which gathered signals from her brain's motor and sensory cortex cells as she ambled along on a specially built child-size treadmill. The electrodes recorded the cells' responses as the monkey walked on the treadmill at different speeds; simultaneously, sensors on Idoya's legs tracked their patterns of movement. The information was transmitted real time from their lab in Durham, to control the commands of a humanoid robot in Kyoto, Japan.

Through the electrodes in her brain, the researchers discovered that some neurons fire at different phases and frequencies, depending on their role in the process. During the experiment, the robot continued to move for several minutes after Idoya stopped strolling on her treadmill indicating something else also.

The team’s goal is to finally enable real-time direct interfaces between a brain and electronic and mechanical devices that could be used to restore sensory and motor functions lost through injury or disease. The team hopes that one day soon, they will also master sufficient syntax to talk back to the brain, which would enable them, for instance, to build a human prosthetic arm laden with sensors to send tactile feedback into the somatosensory cortex of its user.

The experiment in monkey-to-robotic motion is the latest in a long series of studying the primate brain's ability to stimulate robotic arms through neural signals. In 2000 Nicolelis and his colleagues described how they had reliably translated the raw electrical brain activity of an owl monkey named Belle into signals that successfully directed the actions of robotic arms based both at Duke and at an MIT lab 965 kilometers away in Cambridge. Belle's tiny hand moved a joystick left or right to correspond with a horizontal series of lights on a display panel in a Duke lab; both robot arms followed suit.

Who are the supersensers?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.
 
But every once in a while, Moylan reports to a special lab where the air is pressurised and filtered to eliminate any outside odours. There she uses a very different set of tools: her own nose and tongue.
She is not alone. Men and women around the world are using their unusually heightened senses to detect smells, tastes, sounds and images that many ordinary humans don’t even know are there. There are not many of these extraordinary people about, but they have senses significantly more acute, discerning or powerful than the norm. They are the supersensers.
Whether due to nature or nurture, supersensers are able to smell scents, taste flavours, hear sounds, feel sensations and see details that elude the rest of us. Moylan, for example, has a naturally acute sense of taste and smell that she has enhanced through extensive training.
Special Powers Whatever their origin, heightened senses can enrich experiences, boost careers and even help save lives. But amplified senses can also be distracting, overwhelming and painful, leaving the supersenser longing for a respite from sensory overload. To the rest of us who don’t have such gifts, supersensers’ abilities can be confusing and even downright eerie.

Why are the supersenser’s abilities confusing to normal people?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.
 
But every once in a while, Moylan reports to a special lab where the air is pressurised and filtered to eliminate any outside odours. There she uses a very different set of tools: her own nose and tongue.
She is not alone. Men and women around the world are using their unusually heightened senses to detect smells, tastes, sounds and images that many ordinary humans don’t even know are there. There are not many of these extraordinary people about, but they have senses significantly more acute, discerning or powerful than the norm. They are the supersensers.
Whether due to nature or nurture, supersensers are able to smell scents, taste flavours, hear sounds, feel sensations and see details that elude the rest of us. Moylan, for example, has a naturally acute sense of taste and smell that she has enhanced through extensive training.
Special Powers Whatever their origin, heightened senses can enrich experiences, boost careers and even help save lives. But amplified senses can also be distracting, overwhelming and painful, leaving the supersenser longing for a respite from sensory overload. To the rest of us who don’t have such gifts, supersensers’ abilities can be confusing and even downright eerie.

What kind of problems do the supersensers face?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.
 
But every once in a while, Moylan reports to a special lab where the air is pressurised and filtered to eliminate any outside odours. There she uses a very different set of tools: her own nose and tongue.
She is not alone. Men and women around the world are using their unusually heightened senses to detect smells, tastes, sounds and images that many ordinary humans don’t even know are there. There are not many of these extraordinary people about, but they have senses significantly more acute, discerning or powerful than the norm. They are the supersensers.
Whether due to nature or nurture, supersensers are able to smell scents, taste flavours, hear sounds, feel sensations and see details that elude the rest of us. Moylan, for example, has a naturally acute sense of taste and smell that she has enhanced through extensive training.
Special Powers Whatever their origin, heightened senses can enrich experiences, boost careers and even help save lives. But amplified senses can also be distracting, overwhelming and painful, leaving the supersenser longing for a respite from sensory overload. To the rest of us who don’t have such gifts, supersensers’ abilities can be confusing and even downright eerie.

Which methodology was used by the ‘neurolinguists’?

Directions: Read the passage given below and answer the question.

When grappling with finding the answer to a question, most people use one of the three dominant senses to seek the solution. If you ask people what their phone number was when they were twelve years old, three different people might use the three dominant senses of vision, hearing, and feeling. One might try to picture an image of the phone dial; one might try to remember the sound of the seven digits, as learned by rote as a small child; and the last may try to call the feeling of dialing that phone number. Notice that all three people were trying to remember an image, sound, or feeling from the past. But some thoughts involve creating new images, sounds, or feelings. Neurolinguists found they could determine both the operative representational system of their clients and whether they were constructing new images or remembering old ones before the clients even opened their mouth — by observing their eye movements.
There are seven basic types of eye movements, each of which corresponds to the use of a particular sensory apparatus. Please note that these “visual accessing cues” are for the average right-handed person; left-handers’ eyes ordinarily move to the opposite side. Also, “left-right” designations indicate the direction from the point of view of the observer.

What are the dominant senses, according to the passage, used while remembering things?

(i) Feelings and sight (ii) Sight and sound (iii) Feelings

Directions: Read the passage given below and answer the question.

When grappling with finding the answer to a question, most people use one of the three dominant senses to seek the solution. If you ask people what their phone number was when they were twelve years old, three different people might use the three dominant senses of vision, hearing, and feeling. One might try to picture an image of the phone dial; one might try to remember the sound of the seven digits, as learned by rote as a small child; and the last may try to call the feeling of dialing that phone number. Notice that all three people were trying to remember an image, sound, or feeling from the past. But some thoughts involve creating new images, sounds, or feelings. Neurolinguists found they could determine both the operative representational system of their clients and whether they were constructing new images or remembering old ones before the clients even opened their mouth — by observing their eye movements.
There are seven basic types of eye movements, each of which corresponds to the use of a particular sensory apparatus. Please note that these “visual accessing cues” are for the average right-handed person; left-handers’ eyes ordinarily move to the opposite side. Also, “left-right” designations indicate the direction from the point of view of the observer.

When the eyes bear a glazed look what kind of state is that defined as?

Directions: Read the passage given below and answer the question.

When grappling with finding the answer to a question, most people use one of the three dominant senses to seek the solution. If you ask people what their phone number was when they were twelve years old, three different people might use the three dominant senses of vision, hearing, and feeling. One might try to picture an image of the phone dial; one might try to remember the sound of the seven digits, as learned by rote as a small child; and the last may try to call the feeling of dialing that phone number. Notice that all three people were trying to remember an image, sound, or feeling from the past. But some thoughts involve creating new images, sounds, or feelings. Neurolinguists found they could determine both the operative representational system of their clients and whether they were constructing new images or remembering old ones before the clients even opened their mouth — by observing their eye movements.
There are seven basic types of eye movements, each of which corresponds to the use of a particular sensory apparatus. Please note that these “visual accessing cues” are for the average right-handed person; left-handers’ eyes ordinarily move to the opposite side. Also, “left-right” designations indicate the direction from the point of view of the observer.