Antibiotics and Immunity

Chlorellin, contained in chlorella, acts like a natural antibiotic. In contrast to chemical antibiotics, it combats pathogenic bacteria without altering the intestinal flora.

Streptomycin is an antibiotic that inhibits both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is therefore a useful broad-spectrum antibiotic.

Rennin, also called as chymosin, protein-digesting enzyme that curdles milk by transforming caseinogen into insoluble casein; it is found only in the fourth stomach of cud-chewing animals, such as cows. Its action extends the period in which milk is retained in the stomach of the young animal. In animals that lack rennin, milk is coagulated by the action of pepsin, as is the case in humans. A commercial form of rennin, rennet, is used in manufacturing cheese and preparing junket.

Penicillin is one of the first and still one of the most widely used antibiotic agents, derived from the Penicillium mold.

Penicillin is produced by strains of the fungus Penicillium notatum and P. chrysogenum. Most of the other antibiotics in clinical use are produced by actinomycetes, particularly streptomycetes (natural antibiotics). 

Chymosin, known also as rennin, is a proteolytic enzyme synthesized by chief cells in the stomach in young ruminants. Its role in digestion is to curdle or coagulate milk in the stomach, in the very young animal. Chymosin efficiently converts liquid milk to a semisolid like cottage cheese, allowing it to be retained for longer periods in the stomach. It is widely used in the production of cheese. 

The industrial production of antibiotics using microorganisms is a core application of biotechnology.

Antibodies are highly specific proteins that bind to unique antigens found on the surface of specific pathogens. Because of this specificity, one type of antibody cannot destroy all different types of microbes.

Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. Strep throat is caused by Streptococcus bacteria. Measles and flu are viral, and thrush is fungal.

Stethoscope is a medical instrument used to hear internal sounds of an animal body. Generally used to hear lung and heart sounds.
Microscope is an instrument which is used for observing very small objects. It uses lens or combination of lenses to produce a magnified image of tiny objects which are not visible to the naked eye. Microorganisms are not visible to naked eyes. Hence, microscope is used to observe them. 

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin when he noticed that a mold, Penicillium notatum, had contaminated a Petri dish and was inhibiting the growth of staphylococci bacteria.

Antibiotics are medicines designed to target and destroy bacteria or inhibit their growth, making them highly effective against bacterial infections. They do not work against viral infections, such as the flu or common cold, nor are they typically used for fungal or protist infections.

Florey and Chain conducted experiments where they infected mice with lethal doses of Streptococcus bacteria and treated some of them with penicillin. The treated mice survived while the untreated ones died, demonstrating that penicillin has powerful antibiotic properties against bacterial infections.

Antibiotics target specific metabolic processes and structures unique to prokaryotic cells, such as cell wall synthesis or bacterial protein translation. Because viruses lack their own metabolism and instead rely entirely on the host cell's metabolic machinery, antibiotics have no target structures to act upon in a virus.

Antibiotics act on prokaryotic cells by targeting and blocking essential cellular processes, such as cell wall synthesis (e.g., penicillin) and DNA replication or protein synthesis. This selectively kills or inhibits the growth of the bacteria without harming eukaryotic host cells.