Antibiotics and Immunity

Penicillin is a classic antibiotic that works against bacteria by disrupting their cell wall synthesis, leading to bacterial death. Quinine and Chloroquine are antimalarial drugs (effective against protozoa, not bacteria), while Anti-Tetanus Serum is an antitoxin providing passive immunity rather than an antibiotic.

Bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan that provides structural support and protection. Cell membrane and plasma membrane are the same structure but lack the rigidity of a cell wall. Spores are dormant forms, not protective coatings.

Yes, it is correct. These are the names of commonly used antibiotics obtained from different bacteria and fungi.

Spirillum is a spiral or curved shaped bacterium.

Vibrio cholera are comma shaped bacteria, which have only one flagellum.

Endospore formation by bacteria protects themselves under unfavourable conditions.

Bacterial cells become competent by treating them with calcium. 

This is the correct answer.

This is the correct answer.

This is the correct answer.

Correct matching is A - 4, B - 2, C - 1, D - 3.

'Antibiotics' is the correct word.

Streptomycin is the first antibiotic drug of a class of drugs called aminoglycosides and it was the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis.

Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) is a standard culture medium used to grow fungi and some bacteria in Petri dishes. It provides nutrients from potato infusion and dextrose (sugar). Glucose alone lacks other nutrients, while bone marrow and blood serum are not standard solid media for Petri dish cultures.

Lactobacilli have both aciduric and acidogenic potential, so they are crucial for progression of caries.