Tag: zoology

MTBE is a gasoline additive, used as an oxygenate to raise the octane number. It is one of a group of chemicals commonly known as oxygenates because they raise the oxygen content of gasoline. It has been used in gasoline at low levels to replace tetraethyl lead and to increase its octane rating to help prevent engine knocking. Oxygenates help gasoline burn more completely, which causes emission of CO$ _2$ instead of CO.

• Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.
•  Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment".
•  Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat.
• Hence, Incinerator is not a device used to control a particulate matter.

• Coal burning results in the generation of large quantities of coal residues, which contains very fine particles that tend to become airborne and which contribute to the formation of suspended particulate matter (SPM). 
  
  
• An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a filtration method that removes fine particles, like dust and smoke, from a flowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge minimally impeding the flow of gases through the unit.
  
  Hence, option D is correct.

The Cyclone Collector is the device that is used for minimizing air pollution by trapping the suspended particles like coarse dust generated due to activities like mining, cement and wood factories. These are the dry scrubbers that work on the principle of inertia. Cyclone collector work similar to a centrifuge, but with a continuous feed of dirty air.

The prevention of addition of undesirable and toxic substances will result in prevention of pollution. Banning atomic blasts would prevent soil and water pollution from the harmful release of radiations. Use of electrically operated automobiles would prevent the release of oxides of sulphur, nitrogen and carbon and so, air pollution would be prevented. Sewage treatment would remove the toxic components and would prevent water pollution.

Large cities have a big human population and concentration of industries and factories. So, the management of the industrial effluents and the domestic sewage a bif challenge because these cause massive water pollution. Further, the location of industries have to be decided so that the air pollutants emitted from them do not enter the populated areas directly. So, cleanliness and less use of insecticides, proper disposal of organic wastes, sewage and industrial effluents and broader roads and shifting of factories out of residential areas are considered to be essential steps in minimizing the pollution in large cities. Hence, the correct answer is 'All of the above'

Antiknocking agents are the chemical derivatives that are added to petrol. These agents increase the octane number of petrol due to which the pressure and temperature of petrol increases and so these protect petrol from detonation at low pressure. This is done to maintain the quality of the engines. Tetramethyl or tetraethyl lead, dibromoethane, benzole toluene are used as the antiknocking agents.

Unleaded petrol is not doped with lead so it has a high knocking ability. It means it can be ignited before the actual ignition spark occurs. This is harmful to the engines. Lead is not used because it has shown severe adverse effects on the environment. Instead, methyl tertiary butyl ether is added which is easily miscible with petrol. However, it also has shown the carcinogenic properties.

Incineration is also called as a thermal process, it involves combustion of organic substances contained in waste material. It converts the waste material into ash, gases, particles and heat which are then put into the application for generation of electricity. The incinerator is the device where waste is burnt e.g. furnace. Now incinerators are equipped with systems to reduce the emission of highly toxic gases during the process. The output of incinerator is gases, particles and heat thus for controlling particulate pollutant filtration and precipitators are installed to clean out the gases as a result of incineration. These do not have any control over particulate pollutants.