Tag: zoology

Cryobiology is the branch of biology that deals with effects of low temperatures on living things. Teratology is the branch of science which deals with the study of congenital abnormalities and abnormal physiological development. Molecular biology is the branch of biology which deals with the the structure and function of the essential macromolecules. The major application of molecular biology to prevention and early detection of cancer and other diseases by identification of certain genes. Gerontology is the branch of science which deals with the study of old age, the process of ageing and the problems of aged people.

A deletion mutation occurs when part of a DNA molecule is not copied during DNA replication. This uncopied part can be as small as single nucleotide or as much as an entire chromosome. The loss of this DNA during replication can lead to genetic disease.

Exposure to heavy metals like cadmium is a known environmental risk factor for prostate cancer, as it can interfere with DNA repair mechanisms.

One of the hallmarks of human cancers is the intrinsic or acquired resistance to apoptosis. Evasion of apoptosis may contribute to carcinogenesis, tumor progression and also to treatment resistance, since most current anticancer therapies including chemotherapy, radio- and immunotherapy primarily act by activating cell death pathways including apoptosis in cancer cells.

HeLa  is an immortal cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line. The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951 from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who died of cancer on October 4, 1951. The cell line was found to be remarkably durable and prolific which warrants its extensive use in scientific research. The cells from Lacks's cancerous cervical tumor were taken without her knowledge or consent. Cell biologist George Otto Gey found that they could be kept alive, and isolated one specific cell, multiplied it, and developed a cell line. (Before this, cells cultured from other human cells would only survive for a few days; scientists spent more time trying to keep the cells alive than performing actual research on them. Cells from Lacks's tumor behaved differently.) As was custom for Gey's lab assistant, she labeled the culture 'HeLa', the first two letters of the patient's first and last name; this became the name of the cell line. These were the first human cells grown in a lab that were naturally "immortal", meaning that they do not die after a set number of cell divisions (i.e. cellular senescence). These cells could be used for conducting a multitude of medical experiments—if the cells died, they could simply be discarded and the experiment attempted again on fresh cells from the culture. This represented an enormous boon to medical and biological research, as previously stocks of living cells were limited and took significant effort to culture.

Deforestation reduces the number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. When trees are burned or decomposed, they release stored carbon, increasing greenhouse gases and contributing to global warming.

Deforestation leads to the increased percentage of carbon dioxide components of the environment because trees provide oxygen by taking up carbon dioxide when their number reduces the carbon dioxide was unable to be converted into oxygen. That's why its components increases.

• Trees help keep soil in place by holding a large amount of soil with there roots.
• Without trees, rain runs off soil into rivers and streams, raising the water level which leads to floods.
  
• Planting trees acts to shield soil from the winds, and the mulch from fallen leaves forms a layer to protect the soil on the "forest" floor.
  
• Hence the forest helps the soil to prevent the flood.
• So, the correct answer is 'Forest'.

• Deforestation is when humans remove or clear large areas of forest lands and related ecosystems for non-forest use. These include clearing for farming purposes, ranching, and urban use. In these cases, trees are never re-planted.
• Plants absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. When deforestation takes place it results in an increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere which results in global warming.
• Without trees, rain runs off soil into rivers and streams, raising the water level which leads to floods. Hence deforestation results in the flood.
  
• Deforestation also results in the extinction of flora and fauna(plants and animals).
• Hence The consequences of deforestation are  Global warming, Flood and Extinction of flora and fauna.
• So, the correct answer is 'All the above'.