Tag: biology

Obligate anaerobic beings are those that cannot survive when oxygen is present. Some fungi, some bacteria (like the agent of botulism -Clostridium botulinum, and the agent of tetanus- Clostridium tetani) and some protozoans are examples of obligate anaerobes.

• Aerobic respiration is the process that takes place in the presence of oxygen.
• The first part of the process is where the molecule of glucose is broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate by the process of glycolysis
• These pyruvate molecules are to enter the mitochondria to under go the reaction of kerb cycle, but the molecule of pyruvate itself cannot enter the mitochondria, it is converted to acetyl CoA so that it can enter inside the mitochondrion membrane.
• After the kerb cycle molecules of NADH and $FADH _2$are formed which enter the ETS and undergo oxidative phosphorylation.
• Hydrogen ions are released from the NADH and $FADH _2$ molecules which are transported from inner membrane of mitochondria to the intermembrane matrix of mitochondria, this builds a concentration gradient across the membrane. Also the hydron ions and the electrons that are transported by the complexs of the ETS are in the end accepted by the oxygen molecule forming water that is why it is known as oxidative phosphorylation
• The concentration gradient that is made is used for the transport of hydronium ions across the ATP synthase complex of the inner mitochrondrial membrane. 
• With the transport of 2 hydrogen ions one molecule of ATP is formed.
• Thus glycolysis which takes place in cytoplasm, Kerb cycle that takes place in mitochondria , oxidative phosphorylation and chemisomotic phosphorylation are the parts of aerobic respiration.
• Therefore the answer 'All of the above' is correct.
  

CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) is a pathway of photosynthesis which occurs in desert succulents, which have a low surface-to-volume ratio. In this pathway of photosynthesis carbon is fixed during night time while decarboxylation reaction takes place at day time..

• Starch gives blue-black colour with Iodine and is used as a test. Starch is a polysaccharide(carbohydrate).

Smooth muscles are spindle-shaped and are under involuntary control. They are seen in the internal organs such as the blood vessels, iris and the lung bronchi. In the blood vessels, they enable the blood flow. In iris, they increase the pupil size in the presence of bright light. They help in lung contraction and relaxation due to their presence in bronchioles. Thus the correct answer is option D.

Muscles contract via the action of proteins actin and myosin. Both these proteins are present as microfilaments. Actin forms the thin filaments of muscle cells and myosin forms the thick filaments.

"Myo" refers to "Muscles". Myology is the study of the muscular system, including the study of the structure, function, and diseases of muscle.

Cardiac muscles are specialized involuntary muscles found exclusively in the heart wall.

Striated and voluntary muscles are skeletal muscles, which are attached to bones and responsible for the movement of limbs.

Mast cells are immune cells that release histamine and heparin; they are commonly found in connective tissues, specifically areolar tissue.