Tag: biology

In vitro fertilization stands for fertilization outside the body in almost similar condition as that in the body is a method of assisted reproductive technology. In this method to ovum from the wife or donor and sperm from the husband of doner are collected and fused to form zygote in the simulated condition in the laboratory. The zygote or the early embryo up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube which is known as zygote intrafallopian transfer when the embryos are more than 8 blastomeres then they are transferred into the uterus and this is known as an intrauterine transfer.

Common methods of ART include:

1. In vitro fertilization (IVF) - Fertilization outside of the body. IVF is the most effective ART. It is often used when a woman’s fallopian tubes are blocked or when a man produces too few sperm. Doctors treat the woman with a drug that causes the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. Once mature, the eggs are removed from the woman. They are put in a dish in the lab along with the man’s sperm for fertilization. After 3 to 5 days, healthy embryos are implanted in the woman’s uterus.

2. Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) or Tubal Embryo Transfer is similar to IVF- Fertilization occurs in the laboratory. Then the very young embryo is transferred to the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.

3. Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) involves transferring eggs and sperm into the woman’s fallopian tube. So fertilization occurs in the woman’s body. Few practices offer GIFT as an option.

4. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is often used for couples in which there are serious problems with the sperm. Sometimes it is also used for older couples or for those with failed IVF attempts. In ICSI, a single sperm is injected into a mature egg. Then the embryo is transferred to the uterus or fallopian tube.

 ART procedures sometimes involve the use of donor eggs (eggs from another woman), donor sperm, or previously frozen embryos. Donor eggs are sometimes used for women who can not produce eggs. Also, donor eggs or donor sperm is sometimes used when the woman or man has a genetic disease that can be passed on to the baby.

 So, the correct answer is “Both A and B”.

IVF or In Vitro fertilisation is an artificial method of fertilisation, for the parents who can't conceive naturally. In this process egg or ovum from the mother (or a donor female) and sperms from father is taken and are fertilised outside the mother's body, in the laboratory conditions. This is done in a large number, so as to ensure the fertilisation. Then this fertilised zygote(s) are implanted in the mother's (or a surrogate mother's) uterus.  

IVF is a technique of fertilisation done outside the mother's body . These fertilised zygotes (2 or 4) at 4-8 celled stage are placed in the fallopian tube of the mother by process of Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT). Excess fertilised eggs are cryopreserved for use in case of implantation failure 

While many concerns exist, the high cost of research, development, and patenting associated with genetic engineering is a primary economic barrier to its widespread adoption in developing nations.

Genetic engineering relies on the ability to manipulate DNA precisely. Restriction endonucleases act as molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the insertion of foreign genes.

Human insulin was the first pharmaceutical product produced using recombinant DNA technology in genetically engineered bacteria (E. coli).

Plasmid is boon to biotechnology. By the used of plasmids of E. coli, it is possible to produce insulin polypeptide chains separately. This has enable the artificial production of mature human insulin commercially. In this, genome corresponding to the polypeptide chain A and B of insulin are synthesized in vitro. These are then introduced into plasmid of E.coli. Under selected medium, the polypeptides A and B are expressed highly. These are extracted and combined by creating disulphide bridge to form artificial human insulin.

Answer is option C i.e. "Genetically engineered insulin will not elicit immune response in human body"

All the listed biological products, including insulin, human growth hormone, interferons, and hepatitis-B surface antigen, are commercially produced using recombinant DNA technology in genetically engineered microbes such as bacteria or yeast.