Tag: bacteria; benefits and harmful effects

Toxin is the harmful substance secreted by bacteria. It affects the immune system of the host. It causes infection and disease in the host by damaging the tissues. Paratope is an antigen-binding site present on the antibody. 

Little leaf disease is a disease that affects brinjal. Symptoms include reduction in leaf size and rosette like appearance. It is transmitted by leafhopper. It is caused by Mycoplasma. Apart from this, Mycoplasma also causes witches' broom disease and plant yellows diseases.

Food poisoning or botulism is caused by Clostridium botulinum. It is an anaerobic bacterium. The bacterium infects canned food. The poisoning is accompanied by diarrhoea and vomiting. Common food poisoning is caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Tetanus is a bacterial disease. It is also known as Lock Jaw. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani. It is a bacilus bacteria.
Polio is a viral disease. It is also known as poliomylelitis. It is caused by polio virus. The virus spreads from person to person.
Filaria is a parasitic diseases which is transmitted by mosquito and flies. It is caused by Wucheria bancrofti and Wucheria malayi.
Malaria is a protozoan disease. It is caused by a plasmodium. It is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito.

Trachoma is a bacterial infection. It is caused by bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. It is an eye infection. It causes itching and irritation of eyes. In severe condition, it may result in blindness.

Escherichia coli  is a Gram-negative bacteria. It plays an important role in the field of biotechnology, where it has served as a host organism in recombinant DNA technology. The bacterium can be grown and cultured easily. One of the first useful application of recombinant technology was the manipulation of E.coli to produce human insulin.
Rhizobium meliloti is a Gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing bacterium. It is a symbiotic bacteria lives in the association with legumes. The bacteria possesses nif genes, responsible for the nitrogen fixation.
Bacillus thuringensis is a soil dwelling bacteria. It has been used as a biological pesticide. During spore formation, the bacteria produces crystal proteins called as endotoxins which have insecticidal action.
Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Several strains of bacterium Pseudomonas putida were known to produce enzymes that degrade these hydrocarbons, i.e., the bacteria ate the hydrocarbons, nourishing themselves and reproducing.

Rickettsial or viral vaccines are produced by cultivating microorganisms in living tissues of animal bodies, such as chick embryos. It is possible in some cases to reduce these effects by harvesting only proteins of the infected tissues. E.g., allantoic fluid of chick embryo. These viruses can be killed or inactivated with formaldehyde, phenol etc. 

Bacteria like E. coli have very short generation times. Combined with the high copy number of plasmid they produce, they duplicate the plasmid with pretty good fidelity for other uses. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is capable of transferring a particular DNA segment of the tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmid into the nucleus of infected cells where it is subsequently integrated into the host genome. 

• pBR322 is a widely-used E. coli cloning plasmid vector. 
• It was created in 1977 in the laboratory of Herbert Boyer at the University of California San Francisco. The p stands for " plasmid " and BR for "Bolivar " and " Rodriguez ", researchers who constructed it. 
• By using  pBR322 plasmid of E.coli Insulin, interferons and somatostatin can be synthesized through the genetic engineering procedure.
• So, the correct answer is 'Escherichia coli'.

The genus Pseudomonas are adapted to very different environments. This capability to thrive in various habitats coincides with an enormous metabolic capacity of this genus to use recalcitrant compounds as carbon source as well as to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites and biopolymers. Environmental applications of various Pseudomonas species in biodegradation of recalcitrant pollutants as well as biocontrol agents in plant growth promotion is very common.