Tag: intro & meaning & importance & principles of directing

Transactional leadership focuses on the exchange between leader and follower, where performance is motivated by rewards and corrected by punishments.

Trait theory focuses on identifying specific personality, social, physical, or intellectual characteristics that differentiate leaders from non-leaders.

Establishing hierarchy and reporting relationships is a fundamental function of management, which focuses on organizing and structuring work to achieve organizational goals.

Management is traditionally associated with maintaining order, consistency, and efficiency, whereas leadership is often associated with change and dynamism.

Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory was originally developed as the Vertical Dyad Linkage (VDL) theory, focusing on the unique relationships between leaders and individual followers.

MBO stands for Management By Objectives, a management model that aims to improve the performance of an organization by clearly defining objectives that are agreed to by both management and employees.

Overachievers are most susceptible to burnout because their high standards and perfectionism drive relentless work without adequate recovery. They push themselves beyond sustainable limits, ignoring exhaustion. Their identity is tied to achievement, making it hard to rest. Option A correctly identifies overachievers. 'Over looser' in option B appears to be a typo.

The traditional view of conflict, prevalent in the early 20th century, argued that conflict was a sign of poor management and should be avoided or eliminated entirely.

The interactionist view of conflict encourages functional conflict, arguing that a group that is too harmonious or peaceful is prone to stagnation and that some conflict is necessary for innovation and performance.