Tag: reformation in europe

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam is the author of the book 'In Praise of Folly'. It was written in 1509. The book is written in a satirical form and it attacks the superstitions and traditions of the Church and European society. Erasmus was a great scholar and considered as one of the leading members of the famous "humanist" movement of the 16th century.

Martin Luther was a Catholic monk who is called "Father of Reformation". In 1517 he wrote a letter to the Archbishop criticizing the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope for its corruption and abuse of power. It triggered a movement across Europe that spread to the entire world in the upcoming years. 

An attribute such as 'a common language' was not one that Renan had suggested. In fact, he criticized such an attribute forming a nation.

Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years-with Austria, Denmark and France-ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.

Romanticism was an artistic, intellectual and cultural movement that ran from the late eighteenth century through the nineteenth century. Romanticism can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general and late 18th-century.

The Carbonari  were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy. The Italian Carbonari may have further influenced other revolutionary groups in France, Spain, Portugal and possibly Russia. Although their goals often had a patriotic and liberal focus, they lacked a clear immediate political agenda.