Tag: introduction to classification of living organisms

Traditionally, all the organisms of the world used to be divided into two kingdoms, i.e, Plant kingdom and animal kingdom. This system was given by Linnaeus in the book Systema Naturae. As per this system of classification, photosynthetic organisms are included into the plant kingdom and non- photosynthetic in animal kingdom.

Lycopersicon is a genus in the flowering plant family Solanaceae. The tomato is the edible, often red fruit/berry.
The onion (Allium cepa), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is used as a vegetable and is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium.
The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade, Solanum tuberosum. The word "potato" may refer either to the plant itself or, more commonly, the edible tuber.
Saccharum officinarum is sugarcane. It is a large, strong-growing species of grass in the genus Saccharum. It originated in southeast Asia and is now cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide for the production of sugar and other products.

Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, one of the greatest intellectual figures of Western history. He was the author of a philosophical and scientific system that became the framework and vehicle for both Christian Scholasticism and medieval Islamic philosophy. Even after the intellectual revolutions of the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment, Aristotelian concepts remained embedded in Western thinking.Aristotle’s intellectual range was vast, covering most of the sciences and many of the arts, including biology, botany, chemistry, ethics, history, logic, zoology, etc. He was the founder of formal logic, devising for it a finished system that for centuries was regarded as the sum of the discipline; and he pioneered the study of zoology, both observational and theoretical, in which some of his work remained unsurpassed until the 19th century. But he is, of course, most outstanding as a philosopher. His writings in ethics and political theory as well as in metaphysics and the philosophy of science continue to be studied, and his work remains a powerful current in contemporary philosophical debate. Aristotle was born on the Chalcidice peninsula of Macedonia, in northern Greece. After his father’s death in 367, Aristotle migrated to Athens, where he joined the Academy of Plato (c. 428–c. 348 BCE). He remained there for 20 years as Plato’s pupil and colleague.

The phylogenetic system of classification, which attempts to classify organisms based on their evolutionary relationships and descent, was proposed by John Hutchinson, as well as others like Engler and Prantl. Among the choices, Hutchinson represents a major phylogenetic system.

Oswald Tippo, University of Illiniois 1942, classified plant kingdom into two sub-kingdoms: Thallophyta (thalloid plant body without distinct alternation of generations) and Embryophyta (organ level differentiation of plant body with regular alternation of sporophyte and gametophyte generations). The sub-kingdom thallophyta was divided into 10 phyla: Cyanophyta (Blue green algae), Euglenophyta (Grass green algae), Chrysophyta (Yellow green algae), Chlorophyta (Green algae), Pyrrophyta (Golden brown algae), Phaeophyta (Brown algae), Rhodophyta (Red algae), Schizomycophyta (Bacteria), Myxomycophyta (Slime molds) and Eumycophyta (True fungi). Thus, the correct answer is option D. 

'Elements de Botanique' was written by Tournefort. The book aimed to define the concept of the genus for plants. It made a clear distinction between genus and species. it also helped in binomial nomenclature, where the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.

According to the principle of priority in the International Code of Nomenclature, the earliest validly published name for a taxon is the correct one. Since 'P' was published in 1960, it takes precedence over the name 'Q' published in 1990.