Tag: the need for energy in living organism

• For the aerobic respiration the substrate glucose has  to undergo a following set of process 
• First of which is glycolysis where the molecule of glucose is broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate.
• These pyruvate molecules are to be cconverted to Acetyl CoA so that it can enter the mitochondrial membrane and undergo kerb cycle.
• After being converted to acetyl coA it takes part in kerb cycle where molecules of NADH, FADH and ATP are formed.
• These NADH, FADH molecules are the electron acceptors which are used in ETS to transport electron and hydrogen ions through the complexs.
• These electrons and hydrogen ions are used for the formation of ATP via ATP synthase.
• Therefore the process for the aerobic breakdown of glucose is Glycolysis followed by transition of pyruvate then citric acid cycle which is followed by electron transport system.
• Therefore the correct answer is 'Glycolysis-transition-citric acid cycle-electron transport system'

Under Anaerobic conditions, Pyruvic Acid enters in matrix of mitochondrion and undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form 2 carbon energy rich compound called Acetyl Co A.

This process utilizes 2 oxygen atoms. Incomplete oxidation of Pyruvate leads to the formation of lactic acid in muscles and formation of ethyl alcohol in yeast as a process of fermentation.

So, the correct answer is '2'

Opioids are a type of drug. They are also referred to as narcotics. In the human body, the opioid receptors are present at a variety of locations, including the brain, in the spinal cord, on peripheral neurons, and the digestive tract. They often act as pain relievers.

Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol of a cell, and it can be broken down into two main phases: the energy-requiring phase and  the energy-releasing phase. Each three-carbon sugar is converted into another three-carbon molecule, pyruvate, through a series of reactions. In these reactions, ATP molecules and one NADH molecule are made. Because this phase takes place twice, once for each of the two three-carbon sugars, it makes four ATP and two NADH overall.

2 molecules of ATP is utilized during the conversion of glucose into fructose 1,6 diphosphate.

Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct transfer of phosphate group to ADP to form ATP. It accounts of 100% of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis. The first substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when 1, 3 - diphosphoglyceraldehyde is converted to 1, 3 - diphosphoglyceric acid and 2 NADH$ _2$ are formed, that is 6 ATP are formed. The 1, 3-diphosphoglyceric acid is then dephosphorylated to 3 phosphoglyceric acid producing 2 ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. The second substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when phosphoenolpyruvic acid is converted to pyruvic acid producing 2 ATP molecules.

• The thyroid gland is composed of two lobes that are located on either side of the trachea.
• Follicular cells of the thyroid gland synthesize two hormones, tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine ($T _4$) and triiodothyronine ($T _3$). 
• Thyroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of the basal metabolic rate. 
• Hence the hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine.
• So, the correct answer is 'Thyroxine'.

Glycogenolysis is the biochemical pathway by which glycogen is broken down into glucose-1-phosphate and glucose to provide energy or maintain blood sugar levels.

Glycogenolysis primarily occurs in the liver and muscles. The liver breaks down glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream, while muscles break it down for local energy use.