Tag: the origin of cells and cell division

ATPase are a class of enzymes that catalyze the dephosphorylation of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion. This dephosphorylation reaction releases energy, which the enzyme harnesses to drive other chemical reactions that would not otherwise occur. This process is widely used in all known forms of life. Such enzymes are integral membrane proteins anchored within biological membranes (plasma membrane), and move solutes across the membrane, typically against their concentration gradient.

Isomerases are the enzymes which catalyse transfer of groups within molecules to yield isomeric bonds. As aldose and ketose sugars are isomers, their interconversion is catalyzed by isomerases.

Certain enzymes carry oxidation reduction reactions. Oxidation is defined as the chemical process which involves loss of electron whereas reduction is the process in which a substrate accepts electron.
An oxygenase is any enzyme that oxidizes a substrate by transferring the oxygen from molecular oxygen O$ _2$ (as in air) to it.

J.B. Sumner isolated ureases from the jack beans and proved enzymes to be proteins, that could be isolated in crystalline form.

The peptidyl transferase is an aminoacyltransferase, it performs the primary enzymatic function of the ribosome, which forms peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids using tRNAs during the translation process of protein biosynthesis. Peptidyl transferase activity is carried out by the ribosome. Peptidyl transferase activity is not mediated by any ribosomal proteins but by ribosomal RNA (rRNA), a ribozyme. 

Lyase are the enzymes which catalyze breakdown reactions without hydrolysis. Lyases are classified as EC 4 in the EC number classification of enzymes. Lyases can be further classified into several subclasses : EC 4.1 includes lyases that cleave carbon-carbon bonds, such as decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1), aldehyde lyases (EC 4.1.2), oxo acid lyases (EC 4.1.3) and others (EC 4.1.99).

Enzymes are biological catalysts which catalyze biological reactions. They do not modify the chemical equilibria in any manner but simply make the attainment of equilibrium faster. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid. This enzyme is one of the fastest enzyme. It is especially abundant in human erythrocytes.

Enzymes are biological catalysts, which activate various biochemical reactions of a living cell in a highly specific and precise manner. Enzymology is the study of enzymes. The name enzyme was coined by Kuhne in 1878. Pasteur recognised that some microorganisms like yeasts have got a capacity to cause fermentation in wine. In 1897, Buchner discovered that yeast extract could bring about fermentation of grape juice, like the living yeast cells. He also observed that the extract has lost its catalytic activity on boiling. He coined the word zymase for the active principle involved in the fermentation. The substance on which the enzyme acts is called substrate. Enzymes are essentially proteins but all proteins are not enzymes.

Enzymes are biological catalysts which speed up the biological reactions. All metabolic reactions in a cell are catalyzed by enzymes. Almost all enzymes are proteins. There are some nucleic acids that behave like enzymes. These are called ribozymes. Ribozymes are molecules of ribonucleic acid with catalytic activity.