Tag: non-infectious diseases

Glutamine and Glycine are not basic amino acids. Only Arginine and Histidine are basic amino acids. Histidine is weakly charged under physiological ph. Hence, Arginine is the most basic amino acid. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage or other organic substances, such as tobacco and charbroiled meat.
They are the carcinogenic or cancer-causing substance in the tobacco smoke.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Cocaine are stimulants that is they elevate mood, increase feelings of well-being and increase energy and alertness.
Opium  and morphine are powerful pain-killers. They produce a quick, intense feeling of pleasure followed by a sense of well-being and calm.
Barbiturates are depressants that slow down the normal brain function.
Thus, the correct answer is 'Barbiturates cause relaxation and temporary euphoria'.

Smoking is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Smoking still remains one of the leading causes of preventable death. Smoking has the dubious distinction of affecting all the systems from head to foot. Cigarette smoking causes many types of cancer. It also increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy can lead to delivery complications and increase the risk of health problems in the newborn. Quitting smoking significantly reduces the health risks caused by exposure to tobacco smoke. 

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) belongs to family Solanaceae, is a silent long term killer can be consumed in a variety of ways like smoking, chewing, sniffing etc. Nicotine is a highly poisonous substance found in tobacco that increases pulse rate and blood pressure. It also increases stomach acidity, which is accompanied by a lack of appetite. Over time, tobacco users can look forward to such serious risks as narrowing or hardening of the arteries, respiratory infections, emphysema, stomach ulcers, chronic cough, and cancer of the mouth, throat, and lungs.

Emphysema is a respiratory disorder which occurs due to the inflation or abnormal distension of the bronchioles or alveolar sacs resulting in the loss of their elasticity. Cigarette smoking and chronic bronchitis are the causes of this disease.

Hemoglobin has four chains: two alpha chains and two beta chains with heme and iron part along with oxygen. There are some hydrophobic substances (water-hating) present on the surface of proteins. These hydrophobic residues forms cluster and pocket-like structure on the surface of beta chains. These pockets are responsible for diseases like sickle cell anemia also in the beta chain the position of glutamic acid at sixth place in the chain is replaced by valine leading to the shape of red blood cells to be sickle-like due to loss of oxygen.

Emphysema is. a condition of short breath due to breakdown of alveolar wall and'reduction of respiratory area due to smoking.

• Myeloma, also known as multiple myeloma, is a blood cancer arising from plasma cells. 
• Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell made in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the ‘spongy’ material found in the centre of the larger bones in the body and is where all blood cells are made. 
• Myeloma develops when DNA is damaged during the development of a plasma cell. 
• This abnormal cell then starts to multiply and spread within the bone marrow.
• Hence, Cells obtained from cancerous tumours are known as Myeloma.
•  So, the correct answer is 'myeloma'.

Cancer is a group of disease, that involves abnormal cell growth (abnormal cell division), with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. They compete with normal cells for nutrients. Contact inhibition is a growth mechanism, which functions to keep cells growing into a layer one cell thick or monolayer. The cancer cells do not show contact inhibition and they grow uncontrollably.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D), 'They show contact inhibition'.