Tag: busy at work - our internal organs

Cyclosis is the movement in the fluid in the cytoplasm where the proteins and nutrient in the cytoplasm get digested.

• Ingestion is the consumption of a substance by an organism.
• This is accomplished by taking in the substance through the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract, such as through eating or drinking.
  Hence, the correct answer is A.

Nutrition or food intake in paramecium of nutrition in amoeba is holozoic that is, amoeba is heterotrophic.

The seeds of Arachis hypogea (family-Papileonaceae) contain 40-50% oil contents. On. hydrogenation it yields vegetable ghee. It is very important non-drying oil used for cooking and also as illuminant and lubricant in soap industry.

The ruminants bring back swallowed grass into their mouth and chew it for sometime. Grass has cellulose. It is the carbohydrate which can only be digested by ruminants because they have rumen. When they eat grass, it is sent to the rumen where enzymes acts on it and softens it. Softened cellulose is called cud. It is sent back to the mouth where ruminants chew it for sometime.

Methanogens are a group of archaebacteria that occur in marshy areas where they convert formic acid and carbon dioxide into methane. Some of the methanogen archaebacteria live as symbionts (Eg. Methanobacterium) inside the rumen or first chamber in the stomach of herbivorous animals that chew their cud (ruminants). These archaebacteria are helpful to the ruminants in the fermentation of cellulose. 

In ruminants, the stomach is differentiated into separate chambers - rumen (for churning, digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose and bacterial fermentation), reticulum (traps and stores temporarily large feed particles), omasum (absorbs water) and abomasum (similar to human stomach, digests proteins). Abomasum is the true stomach. Omasum is absent in camels. In camels rumen and reticulum have diverticula or water pockets for temporary storage of food.

Ruminants (cattle, sheep, deer, giraffes) are hooved animals with a stomach divided into four chambers- rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. Symbiotic bacteria and protists living in the first two chambers digest cellulose, splitting some of it into sugars, which are then used by the host and the bacteria themselves. The bacteria produce fatty acids during their metabolism, some of which are absorbed by the animal and serve as an important energy source. Food that is not sufficiently chewed clumps together, forming a cud. The cud is regurgitated into the animals mouth, where it is mixed with saliva and chewed again. When the cud is reswallowed, the partly digested food is further broken down by the cows own enzymes.