Tag: reformation

Martin Luther was a German philosopher, priest, monk and was considered as ‘Father of Protestantism’ for his immense contribution in fighting against Catholic heads and their atrocities and for establishing the protestant community.  

Huldrych or Ulrich Zwingly was a famous religious leader and the most important reformer of Swiss Protestant Reformation. He was born on 01 January 1484 at Wildhaus in the Toggenburg (Switzerland) and died on 11 October 1531 near Kappel (Switzerland). He died in a battle fighting for his city Zurich.

The book 'Institutes of Christian Religion' was written by famous French theologian, pastor and reformer John Calvin. The book was first published in the Latin language in 1536. It is known as the most powerful works of Protestant theology.

Martin Luther wrote a list of 95 theses against indulgences, this was a list of questions and propositions for debate. And on October 31, 1517, Luther nailed a copy of his 95 Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church.

The Indo-Islamic culture was a result of the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal dynasty in India. During this period a new phase of cultural development began which led to the amalgamation of Turkish, Persian and Arabic culture with native Indian culture. Due to the Indo-Islamic culture various dresses, social services, festivities, musical instruments and languages were introduced which led to the social assimilation of the masses. Composite culture of India which sometimes referred to as the Indo-Islamic culture reflects in the Indo-Islamic architecture as well.

Different religions came to India at different periods. This led to the formation of new ideas in the medieval period. As a result of the mutual influence of these ideas the Bhakti and the Sufi movements emerged.

The composite culture of India has the essence of Indo-Islamic culture. The language of Urdu language took birth due to the cultural and linguistic synthesis during the medieval period. Urdu is basically a mixture of Hindi, Arabic and Persian. It became the common medium of interaction among locals during the medieval period. Urdu rose to prominence during the eighteenth and nineteenth century.

Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day.  Different type of motifs were painted in Islamic architecture in India. Many Indian motifs are visible in the arches such as lotus, bells, swastika, etc.

During the medieval period the Turks, the Afghans, and the Mughal came to India and brought their own culture and religion. Islam spread in India. As a result of constant interaction between old and new religion Indo-Islamic culture developed.  Impact of this culture reflected in language, literature, paintings, architecture, and sculptures.