Tag: carbohydrate metabolism

The energy in an organism is stored in the form of ATP molecule called Adenosine Triphosphate. It is also considered as the energy currency of the cell and break down of one molecule of glucose in the process of respiration. It occurs mainly in mitochondria gives 38 ATP molecules. Single ATP provides around 30.5 KJ of energy.

Sucrose is made up of glucose and fructose. From one molecule of glucose, 38 ATP molecules can be produced during cellular respiration. During Kreb cycle, 2 molecules of FAD are reduced to FADH$ _2$. Now 2 FADH$ _2$ produce 2 x 2 = 4 ATP molecules. Fructose is converted to fructose-6-phosphate by hexokinase enzyme. This fructose-6-phosphate then enters the glycolysis and produces same amount of ATP as glucose molecule does. Hence, it will also produce 4 ATP molecules by FADH$ _2$ of Krebs cycle. Hence, total ATP produced will be 8 molecules phosphorylation by FADH$ _2$ of Krebs cycle.

Aerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a long, multistep process that produces roughly 36 ATP. The first step in is glycolysis, the second is the citric acid cycle and the third is the electron transport system.

So, the correct answer is ' Mitochondria and Chondriosome '

In the eukaryotic ell, the aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria as well as the cytoplasm. The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) that yields the maximum ATPs is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. So, the NADH made during the glycolysis in cytoplasm have to be transferred to the mitochondria using the shuttle system and for this, 2 ATPs are consumed. However, in the bacterial cell, since there is no mitochondria, the whole process of respiration occurs within the cytoplasm so no ATP is consumed in transporting across the organelle. Therefore, 38 ATPs are made form one glucose in bacteria while 36 are made in an eukaryotic cell.

When 1 mol (180 g) of glucose reacts with oxygen under standard conditions, 686 kcal of energy is released. 36 ATP synthesised in aerobic respiration. Total free energy stored as high energy phosphate bonds in ATP is therefore 252kcal. The remaining energy is lost. So, the correct option is '686 K.cal'.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate is abbreviated as NADP, is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent. It produces 52 kCal of energy from one molecule. Adenosine triphosphate used in cells as a energy currency, often called the molecular unit of currency of intracellular energy transfer. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams of ATP.  One molecule of ATP produces 7kCal of energy.

C- In substrate-level phosphorylation, 2 ATP are synthesized from glycolysis and 2 ATP from Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation that is, 2 × 1.5 ATP or 2 × 2.5 ATP (in malate-aspartate shuttle). Thereby, from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate there shall be 2 NADH+H+ and 6 from Krebs cycle making it – (a) 8 × 2.5 ATP & 2 FADH2 from the Krebs cycle, (b) 2 × 1.5 ATP; thus summing it up to 4 + 3 (or 5) + 20 + 3 = 30 (or 32) ATP per molecule of glucose.

Photosynthesis is an energy conversion process. During photosynthesis green plants trap solar energy and synthesize sugars. Thus light energy present in photons is converted to chemical energy, which is trapped in the bonds of sugar molecules.