Tag: civics

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke (1632-1704) developed their political theories at a time of religious, political and social upheaval in England. Their theory of social contract is basically a morally justified agreement made amongst individuals. They argue that through this agreement, an organised society is brought into existence. It is used as a means of demonstrating the value of government, the grounds for political obligation and authority over a particular geographical area. The social contract obliges citizens to respect and obey the state, in exchange for stability and security that only a system of political rule can provide.

A First Information Report (FIR) is a written document prepared by police organizations in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence. It is generally a complaint lodged with the police by the victim of a cognizable offense or by someone on his or her behalf, but anyone can make such a report either orally or in writing to the police.

India's border with Bangladesh has a strange problem of 'Enclaves and Adverse Possessions'. There are 111 Indian enclaves within Bangladesh and 51 Bangladeshi enclaves in India. Thirty-four tracts of Indian land are under the adverse possession of Bangladesh and 40 pieces of Bangladeshi land are in India's adverse possession. The area is densely populated, and the cultivation is carried out till the last inch of the border at many stretches. Though the Land Border Agreement of 1974 has provisions for the settlement of the issue of adverse possession, it has not been applied so far as the problem is administratively sensitive. 

Direct taxes are those which are those which are paid directly to the government by the taxpayer.These taxes are not paid deducted and paid on behalf of the taxpayer.Key examples of direct taxes are Income tax, Wealth tax and Corporation tax.

A direct tax is paid by a person upon whom it is legally imposed; its effect is borne by the tax payer, for example, income tax. Income tax is paid by an individual, a Hindu undivided family, a company, a firm, and local bodies etc. on their incomes. The effect of this tax is borne by these tax payers themselves, the tax payer cannot shift the incidence of the tax upon somebody else. In other words a direct tax is demanded from the very person who it is intended or devised for.

A direct tax is paid by an individual or organization to the entity that levied the tax. 

According to the income tax rule, 1961 depreciation is to be charged on the basis of written down value method in India which meant depreciation percentage charge would be applied on the written down value that came after all such depreciation from previous years. 

Estate duty was levied on the total property passing to the heirs on the death of a person.

Custom duties are levied on export and import of goods and excise duty levied on production of goods.

Marginal rate of income tax means highest slab of income tax, i.e., $30$% for individuals having income above $Rs. 10,00,000$.