Tag: breathing for energy

• Glycolysis is the process of partial oxidation of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid through the enzyme-mediated reaction series.
• Here two molecules of ATP are utilized. First during the conversion of Glucose to Glucose-6-phosphate and second during the conversion of Fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose-1,6-biphosphate.
• 4 molecules of ATP are synthesized during 2 substrate based phosphorylated reaction. 
• First 2 molecules of ATP released during the conversion of 2 molecules of 1,3 bisphosphoglyceric acid to 2 molecules of 3 phosphoglyceric acids. Next 2 molecules are released during the conversion of 2 molecules of phosphoenolpyruvate to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. 
• In splitting of one glucose molecule into two pyruvates only the enzymes present in the cytoplasm are used and no oxygen is required. 
• It is an anaerobic process.

The process of cellular respiration occurs into three steps :

Cellular respiration occurs firstly in the cytoplasm and then in mitochondria. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm in which glucose breaks into two pyruvates which are transported to mitochondria through an inner mitochondrial membrane which performs the Krebs cycle. This pyruvate regularly enters the mitochondria to start the Krebs cycle and complete cellular respiration.

Glycolysis is the foremost step in the process of cellular respiration which breakdown glucose molecule to extract energy. It is the part of the metabolism of nearly all the cells and organisms as it is the basic process, it does not require oxygen hence it is anaerobic. it occurs in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes.

• The process of glycolysis takes place in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic animals as a part of the respiration process to provide the cell with energy.
• The process of glycolysis always takes places in the cytoplasm of any cell where it occurs for 2 reasons. 
• First the enzymes that are required for the process are present in the cytoplasm and secondly any of the membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria are nit present in prokaryotic organisms so if the glycolysis was taking place in mitochondria then the prokaryotes won't be able to preform it.
• Only the reactions of the aerobic respiration such as Kerb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation takes place in mitochondria to produce ATP.
• Therefore the sentence above is FALSE and the option 'False' is correct.
  

• For the glycolysis to start the glucose molecule is firstly to be converted to Glucose 6 phophaste after that only will the reaction proceed for which ATP is required which is converted to ADP after the conversion.
• So when the amount of the ATP in the cell is reduced and the amount of ADP is increased the process is to be started to provide the cell with the required ATP.
• So the receptors of the cells or the gene that regulate the process of glycolysis are somewhat stimulated by the presence of increased amount of ADP as there are other factors also which control the process of glycolysis such as the amount of ATP, Pyruvic acid etc.
• Therefore it can be said that the ADP is one of the stimulating factors for the Glycolysis process.
• Therefore the correct answer is option 'stimulated by ADP'.

• First part for both type of respiration aerobic and anaerobic is glycolysis where the sugar is broken down to pyruvic acid.
• Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cells and does not require for the presnece of any organelles.
• So both kind of organisms are able to perform glycolysis whether they perform aerobic or anaerobic reactions.
• Thus it can be said that in both kind of respiration glycolysis is a common process which provides substrate for further reactions in both kind of respiration. Pyruvic acid which converts to acetyl coA and takes part in kerb cycle while pyruvic acid converts to lactic acid or alcohol in fermentation reaction.
• Therefore the correct answer is option 'Glycolysis'.
  

• The whole process of glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm it does not require any membrane bound organelles to perform the reaction.
• GLycolysis is the main process to obtain energy in the prokaryotic organisms where there are no membrane bound organelles present and glycolysis is the only source of obatining energy.
• Therefore the enzymes and substrate required for the process of glycolysis are present in the cytoplasm and the whole reaction takes place in the cytoplasm.
• Therefore the answer 'cytoplasm' is correct.
  

• As the reaction of glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cell where it can proceed in the absence of oxygen molecule. 
• It does not require the presence of oxygen of to proceed further.
• It will produce 4 ATP molecules and use 2 molecules of ATP, which gives the cell the net gain of 2 ATP at the end of the glycolysis process.
• Presence of oxygen or absence of oxygen does not hinder the process of glycolysis and prodution of ATP by glycolysis.
• Therefore the answere option 'glycolysis produces equal numbers of ATP molecules regardless of the presence or absence of oxygen' is true.
  

The initial processes for energy generation by prokaryotes included anaerobic processes such as Glycolysis and Fermentation. The latter happening of endosymbiosis was the major revolution in bringing up aerobic respiration with the advent of mitochondria within the cells.