Tag: breathing for energy

The term amphibolic is used to describe a biochemical pathway that involves both catabolism and anabolism. These are the most common ways smaller organic molecules can be formed into more complex ones and applies to the formation of carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Other type called reduction reaction, which involves the adding of hydrogens and electrons to a molecule. it gains calories of energy because energy is released when a hydrocarbon bond is split. Pathways of glycolysis are amphibolic pathways because they provide ATP and chemical intermediates to build new cell material. The fundamental metabolic pathways of biosynthesis are similar in all organisms, in the same way, that protein synthesis or DNA structure are similar in all organisms.

• In first step of glycolysis, glucose is converted in to glucose -6- phosphate by the enzyme Hexokinase or Glucokinase.
  
• Hexokinase is available for all cell where as Glucokinase acts only for liver cell.
• It also require magnesium as cofactor.
• Hexokinase is the major regulatory enzyme of Glycolysis.

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, which is the initial common pathway for cellular respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm. Glycolysis does not require oxygen, meaning pyruvate is formed irrespective of whether oxygen is present or absent.

Complete aerobic respiration of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water releases the maximum amount of energy through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Earlier steps like glycolysis or partial fermentation retain much of the energy within intermediate organic molecules.

Glycolysis, part of cellular respiration, is a series of reactions that constitute the first phase of most carbohydrate catabolism, catabolism meaning the breaking down of larger molecules into smaller ones. The word glycolysis is derived from two Greek words and means the breakdown of something sweet. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and forms pyruvate with the production of two molecules of ATP. The pyruvate end product of glycolysis can be used in either anaerobic respiration if no oxygen is available or in aerobic respiration via the TCA cycle which yields much more usable energy for the cell.

Glycolysis produces a gross total of 4 ATP and a net total of 2 ATP per glucose molecule, regardless of the presence of oxygen.

The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. 

Glycolysis is also known as E.M.P. pathway which stands for Embden - Meyerhof - Parnas Pathway, which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis splits a 6-carbon sugar, glucose, into two molecules of 3-carbon pyruvate in a series of steps, each catalyzed by a particular enzyme. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm (cytosol) of all living cells, not in mitochondria, and does not require the presence of oxygen. Therefore, glycolysis is also known as cytoplasmic respiration. 

During aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose is oxidized with the help of six oxygen molecules to produce six molecules of carbon dioxide. Six molecules of water are also produced in the process. During aerobic respiration ATP is produced by the processes of substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Combined together these processes produce 38 molecules of ATP by phosphorylating 38 molecules of ADP.