World History

Mestizo refers to a person of mixed European and indigenous American ancestry in the Spanish colonial social hierarchy.

Peninsulares were people born in Spain who lived in the Spanish colonies in the Americas; they held the highest social status. Mestizos were of mixed heritage.

Menelik II was the Emperor of Ethiopia who successfully modernized his country and defeated Italian forces at the Battle of Adwa, maintaining Ethiopian independence.

The British government sought to protect the rights of the uitlanders (foreigners, mostly British) who worked in the Transvaal gold mines but were denied political rights by the Boer government.

The Great Trek involved Boers leaving the British-controlled Cape Colony in the 1830s to establish their own independent republics further inland.

The British used military force, most notably during the Opium Wars, to force China to open its ports to trade.

The British used scorched earth tactics during the Second Boer War, destroying farms and crops to deny resources to the Boer commandos.

The siege of Mafeking and the broader conflict involved the mobilization of entire societies, characteristic of total war.

The Dutch East India Company (VOC) established the settlement at Cape Town in 1652 as a supply station.

The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrated to and invaded Britain during the fifth century following the Roman withdrawal.

William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, led the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.

Albion is the oldest known name for the island of Great Britain, used by the ancient Greeks and Romans.

Aristocrats (nobles) were the landed elite who owned and controlled the land in feudal systems. Peasants worked the land, artisans crafted goods, and merchants traded - but none held lordship over land like the aristocracy.

Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, led the Mongol invasion of Europe, specifically the Golden Horde's campaigns into Russia and Eastern Europe. Kublai Khan is associated with China, while Genghis Khan founded the empire.

Feudalism describes the social and political system where land was held by lords (daimyo) and worked by peasants in exchange for protection. The option 'fedual' is a typo for 'feudal'.