World History

The British Empire was a global system of dependencies, colonies, protectorates, and mandates that were ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries.

King Philip II of Macedon was planning an invasion of Persia and had already sent an advance force, but he was assassinated in 336 BC before he could lead the main campaign himself. His son Alexander then took up the task.

In ancient town planning, particularly during the Indus Valley Civilization, the citadel refers to the elevated, fortified upper part of the city. This area was reserved for the ruling class, administrators, or kings.

Kenya fought a violent armed conflict against British colonial rule, known as the Mau Mau Rebellion, from 1952 to 1960, which eventually led to its independence in 1963. While Algeria also fought a violent war for independence, it was against France, not Britain.

Algeria fought a brutal guerrilla war against French colonial rule from 1954 to 1962 to secure its independence. Egypt gained independence from Britain, Nigeria also gained independence from Britain relatively peacefully, and South Africa's struggle was against internal apartheid rule.

The Mexican-American War officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848, which established the Rio Grande as the U.S.-Mexico border.

Following the fierce Battle of Buena Vista in February 1847, General Santa Anna's forces suffered heavy casualties, prompting him to withdraw his troops overnight and retreat toward Mexico City.

Santa Anna convinced U.S. President James K. Polk that he would negotiate a peace treaty if allowed to return to Mexico from exile. However, once he returned, he immediately betrayed the agreement and took command of the Mexican army to fight the U.S.

The British defeated their European rivals, the Dutch and the French, through a series of military conflicts and naval battles in India. This military dominance secured their monopoly over Anglo-Indian trade.

When the British East India Company arrived in India, the Portuguese (who arrived in 1498) and the Dutch (Holland) were already well-established in the Indian Ocean trade network.

Philip II of Macedon had planned a major invasion of the Persian Empire but was assassinated in 336 BC before he could launch the campaign, leaving the task to his son, Alexander.

The Louisiana Purchase took place in 1803, when the United States bought a vast territory from France for 15 million dollars. This transaction roughly doubled the geographic size of the nation.

The French and Indian War left Great Britain with immense national debt. To recover these costs, the British government began imposing new taxes on the American colonists, sparking the protests and resistance that led to the American Revolution.

With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France ceded almost all of its North American territories to Great Britain and Spain. This effectively ended French colonial power and influence on the continent.