Western Philosophy

De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods) is a philosophical dialogue by Roman orator Cicero written in 45 BC. It is laid out in three books, each of which discusses the theology of different roman and greek philosophers. The dialogue uses a discussion of stoic, epicurean and skeptical theories to examine the fundamental questions of theology. Epicureanism regards the pursuit of happiness as the chief aim of life. Epicurus, however, identifies the popular religion as the chief obstacle to human happiness. For it haunts the human mind with fears of god, death, retribution and hell. Epicurus borrows his philosophy from Democritus. Democritus also formulated the ancient form of atomic theory. Epicurus applies this theory to the human soul. He regards the human soul as everything else in the universe, to be composed of atoms. The atoms in the soul are scattered at death with no possibility of future life.

John Dewey is the most prominent advocate of pragmatic philosophy in education. Pragmatism emphasizes learning through experience, practical application, and problem-solving. Dewey's progressive education model focuses on learning by doing rather than rote memorization.

Aristotle famously stated that 'Man is a social animal' in his work 'Politics', arguing that humans are inherently social beings who naturally form communities and societies. This concept is fundamental to sociology and political philosophy, emphasizing that humans cannot survive in isolation and naturally seek social interaction. Plato was his teacher, while Rousseau later expanded on social contract theory.

Francis Bacon, the English philosopher and statesman, is famous for the quote 'Knowledge is Power' (Latin: 'ipsa scientia potestas est'). This quote reflects his emphasis on empirical knowledge and scientific inquiry.

Aristotle quoted the given statement in description of the cellular structure of living things back in the 4^th century B.C.

This quote about education as 'dispelling error and discovering truth' is attributed to Socrates, the ancient Greek philosopher who emphasized questioning and critical thinking. While Plato and Aristotle were also great philosophers, this particular quote aligns with Socrates' method of philosophical inquiry. Gandhi was a much later leader.

He gave this statement.

‘It was this...philosophy’ in C refers to ‘philosophical and scientific system’ in D. ‘for both Christian Scholasticism’ in D links it with ‘Even after the intellectual revolutions…embedded in Western thinking’ in E. ‘He was the founder of formal’ in B is linked with ‘But he is, of course..’ in 6.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the French-Swiss philosopher, wrote the famous line 'Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains' in his 1762 work 'The Social Contract.' This quote critiques the contradiction between natural human freedom and social constraints. Locke, Comte, and Hegel were important philosophers but not the authors of this specific quote.

This is the correct option. 

According to Salmond, “A State is an association of human beings established for the attainment of certain ends by certain means.” The relationship between State and law is inherent. A State maintains peace and administration in a society through law.

“The essence of mathematics resides in its freedom” was stated by Georg Cantor.

Thomas Hobbes, in his work Leviathan (1651), famously described the state of nature as a 'war of all against all' (bellum omnium contra omnes), where life is 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.' Option B (Hobbes) is correct.

Mill (John Stuart Mill) was a utilitarian philosopher who did not advocate for social contract theory. Hobbes, Locke, and Socrates are all associated with social contract ideas - Hobbes and Locke explicitly developed it, while Socrates' social philosophy in Plato's Crito influenced its later development. Mill focused on utilitarianism and individual liberty instead.