Western Philosophy

An epistemologist studies how we know what we know, examining the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge. This is a core branch of philosophy that asks fundamental questions about belief, truth, and justification.

This is a second conditional sentence (If + past simple, would + verb). "Spoke" is the correct past simple form of "speak" used to describe a hypothetical present situation.

Immanuel Kant said “Since the status naturalis of states is one of war, a state of peace must be founded, and cannot be left to nature”.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduced the concept of 'General Will' (volonte generale) in his 1762 work 'The Social Contract', arguing that legitimate authority comes from the collective will of the people acting in the common interest. Hume focused on empiricism, Hegel on dialectics, and Kant on moral philosophy - none developed the General Will concept.

Classical conditioning theory of learning was given by Ivan Pavlov.

(3) Ihering defined law as "the form of guarantee of the conditions of life of society, assured by the states' power of constraint".

(2) Aristotle has made distinction between distributive justice and corrective justice.

Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart is a linguistic philosopher. Linguistic philosophy describes the view that philosophical problems are problems which may be solved either by reforming language or by understanding more about the language we presently use. 

Volksgeist is associated with Von Savigny.

Thomas Aquinas fully developed the concept or notion of Natural Rights, already developed by classical Greek philosopher Aristotle.

Hugo Grotius said, “Now, the law of nature is so unalterable that it cannot be changed even by God himself. For although the power of God is infinite, yet there are some things, to which it does not extend… Thus, two and two must make four, nor is it possible otherwise, nor again, can what is really evil not be evil.”

Tabula rasa is latin for 'blank slate', implying something newly formed, without preconceptions and is often used in describing certain theories of behaviourism. It is more important to historical research. It is used to deal with the state of the mind and how imagination works at various extremes. The definition of tabula rasa is a blank new born mind not yet affected by experiences, or an opportunity to start afresh. It is a philosophy that was pioneered by John Locke, and compares a new born human mind with a blank clay tablet.

Aristotle distinguished distributive justice (fair distribution of goods in society) from corrective justice (remedying wrongs between individuals). This appears in his Nicomachean Ethics. Plato focused on ideal state structures, while John Stuart Mill wrote about utilitarianism.

Even Zarathustra in Iran and Plato in Greece involved themselves.

Plato was Aristotle's teacher at the Academy in Athens. Aristotle later became Alexander the Great's tutor. Lincoln, Einstein, and Newton lived in completely different eras and fields.