Western Philosophy

The book 'Politics' is a foundational work of political philosophy written by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle.

Aristotle is the Greek philosopher who famously stated that man is by nature a social animal in his work, Politics.

The Republic is a Socratic dialogue concerning justice, the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man, written by the Greek philosopher Plato.

This famous opening line from The Social Contract is attributed to the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Immanuel Kant rejected teleological explanations in geography, favoring causal and chronological explanations, and he was influenced by the scientific thought of his time.

Geologists study the physical structure and substance of the Earth, not the abstract concept of human emotions like love, which is typically studied by philosophers, psychologists, and biologists.

Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote the quote "A man is born free but everywhere he is in chains". Rousseau was a influential philosopher, writer and composer of eighteen century Europe. In his quote Rousseau tries to state that all humans are born with equal rights but some are deprived of these rights and enslaved by the chains of compulsion force. The chains of slavery, poverty, class, sect are the indicators that man is enslaved at some level.

Hobbes in Leviathan (1660) expressed his views that "Man's life was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." Hobbes inferred that people are naturally selfish and wicked and cannot be trusted. Therefore the primitive or "natural" state of humanity is violent and brutal. Therefore a strong, authoritarian government (monarchy) must control them.

The author of the book 'Gait of animals' is Aristotle. It was written in 350 BC.
This book consists of information about the movement of animals. Gait is the pattern of movement of the limbs of animals, during locomotion over a solid substrate. Most animals use a variety of gaits, selecting gait based on speed, terrain, the need to maneuver, and energetic efficiency. Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Greece. He was a student of Plato and considered as an important figure in western philosophy.

• So, the correct option is 'Aristotle'.
  
  

Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, one of the greatest intellectual figures of Western history. He was the author of a philosophical and scientific system that became the framework and vehicle for both Christian Scholasticism and medieval Islamic philosophy. Even after the intellectual revolutions of the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment, Aristotelian concepts remained embedded in Western thinking.Aristotle’s intellectual range was vast, covering most of the sciences and many of the arts, including biology, botany, chemistry, ethics, history, logic, zoology, etc. He was the founder of formal logic, devising for it a finished system that for centuries was regarded as the sum of the discipline; and he pioneered the study of zoology, both observational and theoretical, in which some of his work remained unsurpassed until the 19th century. But he is, of course, most outstanding as a philosopher. His writings in ethics and political theory as well as in metaphysics and the philosophy of science continue to be studied, and his work remains a powerful current in contemporary philosophical debate. Aristotle was born on the Chalcidice peninsula of Macedonia, in northern Greece. After his father’s death in 367, Aristotle migrated to Athens, where he joined the Academy of Plato (c. 428–c. 348 BCE). He remained there for 20 years as Plato’s pupil and colleague.

• During independence movement Indian technology was totally underdeveloped and books and newspapers were the only source to spread philosophical thoughts of people from one to the other and these sources were very much available at salons and coffee houses.
  
• Many vernacular newspapers were introduced to enlighten people from all the corners.
  

Stoicism means that only the educated are free. The founder of stoicism was Zeno of Citium. Epicureanism meant that the gods are not to be feared, death cannot be felt and the good can be won, all that we dread can be conquered. It was founded by Epicurus. There were practical similarities between stoicism and epicureanism. Both were popular in the Roman era, stoicism was followed by the rank and file of Roman citizenry, and epicureanism behind closed doors, especially at the highest levels of the empire.

Aristotle famously stated in his work 'Politics' that man is by nature a political animal, meaning humans are social beings who naturally form communities.

Confucius (c. 551-479 BCE), Gautama Buddha (c. 563-483 BCE), and Aristotle (384-322 BCE) all lived before the Common Era. Jesus Christ lived during the 1st century CE, making him the most recent figure.