Water Conservation and Management

Reforestation is a process of replanting trees in an area, reforestation is an effective way of checking floods, planting trees can reduce the height of flood by 20%.

Sprinkler irrigation system helps in limiting water use. It helps in conserving water as it can also be easily adjusted during droughts.

Inundation canals are channels taken off from rivers without any headworks, which receive water only when the river level is high enough, typically during floods.

• Globally water occupies a major portion. Water constitutes 96.5 % on the earth and rest is land. Of the total water content fresh water contributes a very little portion of 2.5%. Fresh water sources include:
  
• Groundwater - water found in shallow aquifers beneath the earth's surface. This water is generally found at depths up to around 2,000 feet deep.
  
• Precipitation: It is nothing but the rain water which is an important source of fresh water. In fact it is the purest natural source of fresh water.
  

• A rain gauge is a little cylindrical container that collects rainwater falling into it to measure the rainfall during a particular period.
• Certain conditions are needed to be fulfilled for accurate measurement of rainfall viz water should not enter into the rain gauge from any source other than direct rainfall and the rain gauge instrument has to be kept at a certain height. 

Villages in India commonly rely on groundwater sources such as wells and tubewells for their water supply.

While water exists in many forms, rain is the primary source that replenishes surface water and groundwater on Earth.

The Cochabamba Water War or Bolivia's Water War took place in Cochabamba, which is Bolivia's fourth largest city in response to the privatization of the city's municipal water supply. Bolivian government was facing economic challenges and turned to World Bank for help. For generating independent growth, Bolivia had to privatize its railway, telephone system, airline, hydrocarbon industry to bring stability. Option C is the correct answer. 

Water in atmosphere is recharged through hydrological cycle. In hydrological cycle, water is evaporated from the surface of the ocean. As moist air is lifted, it cools and clouds are formed by condensation of water vapors. These clouds transfer this water to ground through rains. Groundwater either seeps its way to into the oceans, rivers, and streams, or is released back into the atmosphere through transpiration. This cycle keeps repeating itself to keep balance of water.

Rainwater harvesting involves capturing and storing water using structures like dams, contour bunds, and reservoirs to prevent runoff and increase groundwater recharge.

To check the expansion of Thar desert Afforestation methods is expected to yield the best results. It reduces the pollution level. It minimizes the effect of drought and Global Warming. It helps the factories to have a proper use of plant items without leaving a bad effect in the society and environment. It minimizes the effect of soil erosion.

Afforestation restores ecological balance of all ecosystems, it maintains biological diversity, and act as catchments for soil and water. Thus preventing floods  and conserving soil cover.