Soil Science

Depending upon the animals available on a farm, ploughing is done using horses and camels to pull ploughs. A plank is used to break the crumbs into fine soil. The next step is to level the soil with the help of a leveller.

The process which is takes place of after the last harvesting. Ploughs are used for primary tillage. It is done when the soil is wet enough for ploughing. It can be done immediately after harvest or before the wet season.

• A chisel plough is a common tool which is used to get deep tillage (prepared land) with limited soil disruption. 
• The main function of this plough is to loosen and aerate the soils while leaving crop residue at the top of the soil. 
• This plough can be used to reduce the effects of compaction and to help break up the hardpan. 
• Unlike many other ploughs, the chisel will not invert or turn the soil. This characteristic has made it a useful addition to no-till and low-till farming practices that attempt to maximise the erosion-prevention. 

The topmost layer of the soil is called topsoil. This layer is usually fairly loose, porous, dark and rich in humus. The humus is derived from decomposed and partly decomposed organic matters of plant and animal origin in the soil. It plays important role in maintaining the fertility of the soil.

Dokur village, located in the Mahbubnagar district of Telangana, is characterized by red soils which cover a significant portion of the agricultural land.

• Humus particles are tiny pieces of organic matter and are known as Organic Colloids.
• Humus is important because it retains moisture in the soil, loosens the soil permitting better aeration and drainage, and encourages the increase of soil organisms which help make nutrients available to plants.
  
• Hence Humus is an example of organic colloids.
• So, the correct answer is 'Organic colloids'.

The soils of Western Rajasthan are typically arid and sandy, often containing high levels of calcium carbonate, which forms kankar nodules in the soil profile.

Black soil, also known as Regur soil, is primarily formed by the weathering of basaltic rocks found in the Deccan Plateau region. Other soil types like alluvial or red soil have different parent materials and formation processes.

Rajasthan is characterized by an arid climate, which leads to the formation of sandy, desert soil. This soil type is dominant in the western parts of the state.

Soil that has very little capacity to hold water is sandy soil. Sandy soils have low moisture storage. High evaporation and low capacity limit the availability of rainwater for plant use.

Ganganagar (SGNR) is a planned city and the northern-most city of the Indian state of Rajasthan, situated near borders of Rajasthan and Punjab states. The place consists of Alluvium. It is loose, unconsolidated (not cemented together into a solid rock) soil or sediments, which has been eroded, reshaped by water in some form. It is fertile and supports agriculture. 

Brown soils are found in desert areas of Rajasthan. The colour of soils ranges from greyish brown too yellowish brown. Major areas of these soils are in catchment of Banas River. Brown soils are rich in calcium but it has poor organic matter. As the ground water are saline, soils irrigated with these water have accumulated salts.

Red loam soils of Rajasthan are rich in Iron Oxide. It is a type of soil that develops in a warm, temperate, moist climate. They are usually poor growing soils, low in nutrients and humus and difficult to cultivate because of its low water holding capacity. Red soils are generally derived from crystalline rock.