Reading Comprehension

Which of the following should be given utmost importance while setting up artificial jewellery business in India?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question.

Artificial Jewellery is the latest market trend and is the call of the market. It’s fun to wear and is popular amongst all age groups of women. Though the traditional gold and diamond jewellery has also not lost its significance but still artificial jewellery is the choice of the hour. Artificial jewellery provides a wide range of variety to choose from ranging in different segments of prices. Artificial Jewellery business is a good option considering the market trend and taste. Through systematic approach Artificial Jewellery business can lead to towering graphs of profit. There are certain things which should be considered while opting for Artificial Jewellery business, the most important amongst them is analyzing the market. The market is the platform where the business needs to be built upon and hence is essential to understand the trend of the market and plan accordingly. Understanding the taste of the customer is also very essential. Artificial Jewellery business can lead to good results, higher profits and build goodwill if the taste of the customer is given prime importance and efforts are made for customer satisfaction. Regular feedback is essential from the customer for understanding them better and providing them great service. Also, some help can be taken from the professionals in Artificial Jewellery business. Having a word with them can give various useful tips for successful and more profitable Artificial Jewellery business. If possible organizing regular trade shows or fashion shows can also lead to an increase in revenues from Artificial Jewellery business. People come across your jewellery designs displayed in trade shows or fashion shows and then if they like it, you may experience a huge increase in your sales volume. If successful with trade shows and fashion shows you may book your own shows. These type of shows helps in enhancement of the market and increase in the penetration level in the market segment. After the shows it is essential to collect reviews from the people, their likes, their dislikes, various suggestions etc. These inputs such as reviews and suggestions built a platform for understanding the taste of the customers and analyzing the market trends. Always maintain sufficient stock of Artificial Jewellery with you. Whenever you are approached by a customer for purchase, the customer should be never turned out due to non availability of adequate Artificial Jewellery quantity with you. So, the desired stock level of Artificial Jewellery should always be maintained with you in order to achieve good results and strong goodwill in Artificial Jewellery business. If a customer leaves the shop just because he does not gets the desired Artificial Jewellery unit, it not only means loss of direct income which the customer takes back along with him because of no purchase made, but also it is a loss of various efforts and money spent on the marketing activities and brand promotion activities to attract customers and to bring them to your doorstep. In today’s competitive world it is almost necessary to offer sales through credit cards. So step ahead and offer your Artificial Jewellery on your website where the customer can make the purchase through credit card. Take help of some web design company for a professional looking website. A proper display of the products along their prices needs to be mentioned, so that the customer can purchase the desired product. It provides a facility to the customer to pay the amount through the card instead of carrying and delivering cash at the time of purchase. Offering sales through credit card increases the sales volume and is a vital part in Artificial Jewellery business. The main requirement for offering sales through credit card is of getting the merchant accounts with various credit card companies. It always pays to have more and more clients as more and more clients mean more and more walking advertisement and spread of word. People who purchased jewellery from your shop wear it, carry it along with them which acts as a walking advertisement and a satisfied customer always act as a good medium of spread of word of mouth as it cuts down the advertising cost. It is also said that it is three times difficult to make a new customer then to get a new customer from the references of the loyal customers. So, it can be rightly said that Customer Relationship Management plays an important and vital role in Artificial Jewellery business.

Which of the following happens when water and rocks interact?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question.

The indefatigable quest for firm evidence of liquid water on ancient Mars appears to have finally succeeded. NASA's Opportunity rover discovered a dozen bright veins of gypsum mineral and the results were presented at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, California. The rover used an array of instruments to confirm the chemical composition of the veins as calcium sulphate. Since calcium sulphate can exist in different forms depending on the amount of water it contains, the presence of gypsum, a hydrated mineral of calcium sulphate, strongly suggests the presence of water. Although gypsum has been found on far northern locations on Mars, what makes the latest find particularly significant is its presence at the very point where it was formed. This will help scientists understand the paleoenvironmental conditions on the red planet. The veins, which are 1 cm to 2 cm in width and 40 cm to 50 cm in length, are located at the edge of the Endeavour crater where the sulphate-rich sedimentary bedrock meets the volcanic bedrock that lies exposed at the rim of the crater. Scientists speculate that gypsum got precipitated when water containing calcium sulphate flowed through fractures. Our current understanding is that water is a key resource for life to exist. Hence scientists searching for life on Mars or other planets look out for signs of liquid water. However, the mere presence of water does not necessarily mean micro-organisms exist. Salinity, acidity, and temperature play a predominant role in determining habitability in water bodies on Earth. Extrapolating from this, the data sent by rovers from other locations over the years have revealed a very harsh environment for life to exist. Even the Meridiani Planum region located in the Martian equator, which was considered to have the least harsh environment, turned out to be inimical to life because of its high acidic conditions. Unlike other locations explored so far, the edge of the Endeavour crater does not have any jarosite (an iron sulphate mineral) deposit indicative of acidic conditions. The combination of gypsum veins and the absence of jarosite probably indicates a “possibility of water being more neutral,” which basically means a less inhospitable environment. Whether ancient Mars was habitable or not, the discovery of gypsum reveals that liquid water was once present. The recent discovery of clay minerals, which were found to be widespread in the planet's Noachian terrain, supports the same idea. After all, clay minerals arise after a long-duration interaction between water and rocks.

Which of the following suggestions does the author recommend to improve public health system?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question.

Health is currently a privilege in India. Not a right. Maternal and child health remains neglected even after countless plans, programmes and political proclamations. Every year, nearly 60,000 women die in pregnancy and childbirth, while approximately 1.7 million children less than five years of age also die. In absolute numbers, India outranks all other countries in both regards. Sadly, most deaths can be prevented with available technologies. Many diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia kill thousands every year. While infectious diseases are very much a concern, chronic diseases are now rapidly catching up. India has become the capital of diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease. Health targets in plan after plan have not been achieved, yet there has been no systematic analysis of why health systems fail to achieve these targets. The fundamental reason why our health targets are not achieved and will not also be achieved, unless we radically change our strategies, is that we set targets without setting strategies; without understanding what is preventing progress; and without putting adequate human and financial resources toward achieving targets. First, we equate the number of buildings to available health services. The Planning Commission and Central and State governments only count the number of health centres, without bothering to find out what is happening at these centres. Many are without staff, electricity, a telephone, water, medicines or an ambulance. No wonder these centres do not have patients — mothers or children — to take care of. Surveys have shown the inadequacy of our health infrastructure and that health workers are not staying where they are posted. There are good reasons why health staff do not stay in villages. But health departments have not bothered to study this problem or remedy it. Not only are workers not staying, studies have also shown that they are quite frequently absent without reason. Such unaccountability is treated as routine and not discussed in health policy forums. The second reason for a lack of services is underfunding and poor management of medicines, leading to a lack of availability. How can an army fight without ammunition? The lack of medicines forces poor patients to buy medicines from private pharmacy shops, which can be expensive. Often times, the quality of medicines available from these shops and government health centres is poor due to the government's weak oversight on pharmacies and poor procurement policies. Patients do not want to go to clinics where they do not get medicines or where they are of poor quality. While planning and funding are major problems, the root of the health problem in India, I feel, is the lack of adequate numbers of well-trained managers. Many national health programmes cover millions beneficiaries, yet they are managed by just two or three technical managers who are general or specialist doctors. Most of the time these individuals are without any public health or management training. They learn this on the job. This is also true for health secretaries and ministers — they all learn on the job. We are obsessed with training an eighth standard-passed village health worker with six to seven modules — but there is no training or even orientation for top policymakers and managers in the health department before they take up such important managerial and policymaking jobs. Why isn't health systems management made compulsory before an officer takes up the job of director or secretary in the health department? Fortunately, things can rapidly change in the next few years, if government and society pay a little more attention to health. During the last five years, the government has put in significant resources into the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). At the same time, many States are also using local solutions to various problems. Budgets for health services will need to increase by a factor of three to five times. The national government is committed to take health funding from less than one per cent to two to three per cent of the GDP. This is critical. The government must chart out how the Centre and States will increase these budgets over the next five years. This will also require advocacy on behalf of the health community. And we must also be more smart in how to spend the money that is already available. Money remains unspent in health because the regulations around spending are so complicated and confining that doctors and health works cannot spend the money. Many times, money does not arrive in time for it to be useful.

Which of the following factors determine habitability in water bodies on Earth?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question.

The indefatigable quest for firm evidence of liquid water on ancient Mars appears to have finally succeeded. NASA's Opportunity rover discovered a dozen bright veins of gypsum mineral and the results were presented at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, California. The rover used an array of instruments to confirm the chemical composition of the veins as calcium sulphate. Since calcium sulphate can exist in different forms depending on the amount of water it contains, the presence of gypsum, a hydrated mineral of calcium sulphate, strongly suggests the presence of water. Although gypsum has been found on far northern locations on Mars, what makes the latest find particularly significant is its presence at the very point where it was formed. This will help scientists understand the paleoenvironmental conditions on the red planet. The veins, which are 1 cm to 2 cm in width and 40 cm to 50 cm in length, are located at the edge of the Endeavour crater where the sulphate-rich sedimentary bedrock meets the volcanic bedrock that lies exposed at the rim of the crater. Scientists speculate that gypsum got precipitated when water containing calcium sulphate flowed through fractures. Our current understanding is that water is a key resource for life to exist. Hence scientists searching for life on Mars or other planets look out for signs of liquid water. However, the mere presence of water does not necessarily mean micro-organisms exist. Salinity, acidity, and temperature play a predominant role in determining habitability in water bodies on Earth. Extrapolating from this, the data sent by rovers from other locations over the years have revealed a very harsh environment for life to exist. Even the Meridiani Planum region located in the Martian equator, which was considered to have the least harsh environment, turned out to be inimical to life because of its high acidic conditions. Unlike other locations explored so far, the edge of the Endeavour crater does not have any jarosite (an iron sulphate mineral) deposit indicative of acidic conditions. The combination of gypsum veins and the absence of jarosite probably indicates a “possibility of water being more neutral,” which basically means a less inhospitable environment. Whether ancient Mars was habitable or not, the discovery of gypsum reveals that liquid water was once present. The recent discovery of clay minerals, which were found to be widespread in the planet's Noachian terrain, supports the same idea. After all, clay minerals arise after a long-duration interaction between water and rocks.

Which of the following is true in context of the passage?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question.

The indefatigable quest for firm evidence of liquid water on ancient Mars appears to have finally succeeded. NASA's Opportunity rover discovered a dozen bright veins of gypsum mineral and the results were presented at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, California. The rover used an array of instruments to confirm the chemical composition of the veins as calcium sulphate. Since calcium sulphate can exist in different forms depending on the amount of water it contains, the presence of gypsum, a hydrated mineral of calcium sulphate, strongly suggests the presence of water. Although gypsum has been found on far northern locations on Mars, what makes the latest find particularly significant is its presence at the very point where it was formed. This will help scientists understand the paleoenvironmental conditions on the red planet. The veins, which are 1 cm to 2 cm in width and 40 cm to 50 cm in length, are located at the edge of the Endeavour crater where the sulphate-rich sedimentary bedrock meets the volcanic bedrock that lies exposed at the rim of the crater. Scientists speculate that gypsum got precipitated when water containing calcium sulphate flowed through fractures. Our current understanding is that water is a key resource for life to exist. Hence scientists searching for life on Mars or other planets look out for signs of liquid water. However, the mere presence of water does not necessarily mean micro-organisms exist. Salinity, acidity, and temperature play a predominant role in determining habitability in water bodies on Earth. Extrapolating from this, the data sent by rovers from other locations over the years have revealed a very harsh environment for life to exist. Even the Meridiani Planum region located in the Martian equator, which was considered to have the least harsh environment, turned out to be inimical to life because of its high acidic conditions. Unlike other locations explored so far, the edge of the Endeavour crater does not have any jarosite (an iron sulphate mineral) deposit indicative of acidic conditions. The combination of gypsum veins and the absence of jarosite probably indicates a “possibility of water being more neutral,” which basically means a less inhospitable environment. Whether ancient Mars was habitable or not, the discovery of gypsum reveals that liquid water was once present. The recent discovery of clay minerals, which were found to be widespread in the planet's Noachian terrain, supports the same idea. After all, clay minerals arise after a long-duration interaction between water and rocks.

India outranks all other countries in the

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question.

Health is currently a privilege in India. Not a right. Maternal and child health remains neglected even after countless plans, programmes and political proclamations. Every year, nearly 60,000 women die in pregnancy and childbirth, while approximately 1.7 million children less than five years of age also die. In absolute numbers, India outranks all other countries in both regards. Sadly, most deaths can be prevented with available technologies. Many diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia kill thousands every year. While infectious diseases are very much a concern, chronic diseases are now rapidly catching up. India has become the capital of diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease. Health targets in plan after plan have not been achieved, yet there has been no systematic analysis of why health systems fail to achieve these targets. The fundamental reason why our health targets are not achieved and will not also be achieved, unless we radically change our strategies, is that we set targets without setting strategies; without understanding what is preventing progress; and without putting adequate human and financial resources toward achieving targets. First, we equate the number of buildings to available health services. The Planning Commission and Central and State governments only count the number of health centres, without bothering to find out what is happening at these centres. Many are without staff, electricity, a telephone, water, medicines or an ambulance. No wonder these centres do not have patients — mothers or children — to take care of. Surveys have shown the inadequacy of our health infrastructure and that health workers are not staying where they are posted. There are good reasons why health staff do not stay in villages. But health departments have not bothered to study this problem or remedy it. Not only are workers not staying, studies have also shown that they are quite frequently absent without reason. Such unaccountability is treated as routine and not discussed in health policy forums. The second reason for a lack of services is underfunding and poor management of medicines, leading to a lack of availability. How can an army fight without ammunition? The lack of medicines forces poor patients to buy medicines from private pharmacy shops, which can be expensive. Often times, the quality of medicines available from these shops and government health centres is poor due to the government's weak oversight on pharmacies and poor procurement policies. Patients do not want to go to clinics where they do not get medicines or where they are of poor quality. While planning and funding are major problems, the root of the health problem in India, I feel, is the lack of adequate numbers of well-trained managers. Many national health programmes cover millions beneficiaries, yet they are managed by just two or three technical managers who are general or specialist doctors. Most of the time these individuals are without any public health or management training. They learn this on the job. This is also true for health secretaries and ministers — they all learn on the job. We are obsessed with training an eighth standard-passed village health worker with six to seven modules — but there is no training or even orientation for top policymakers and managers in the health department before they take up such important managerial and policymaking jobs. Why isn't health systems management made compulsory before an officer takes up the job of director or secretary in the health department? Fortunately, things can rapidly change in the next few years, if government and society pay a little more attention to health. During the last five years, the government has put in significant resources into the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). At the same time, many States are also using local solutions to various problems. Budgets for health services will need to increase by a factor of three to five times. The national government is committed to take health funding from less than one per cent to two to three per cent of the GDP. This is critical. The government must chart out how the Centre and States will increase these budgets over the next five years. This will also require advocacy on behalf of the health community. And we must also be more smart in how to spend the money that is already available. Money remains unspent in health because the regulations around spending are so complicated and confining that doctors and health works cannot spend the money. Many times, money does not arrive in time for it to be useful.

Why don’t health workers stay where they are posted?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question.

Health is currently a privilege in India. Not a right. Maternal and child health remains neglected even after countless plans, programmes and political proclamations. Every year, nearly 60,000 women die in pregnancy and childbirth, while approximately 1.7 million children less than five years of age also die. In absolute numbers, India outranks all other countries in both regards. Sadly, most deaths can be prevented with available technologies. Many diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia kill thousands every year. While infectious diseases are very much a concern, chronic diseases are now rapidly catching up. India has become the capital of diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease. Health targets in plan after plan have not been achieved, yet there has been no systematic analysis of why health systems fail to achieve these targets. The fundamental reason why our health targets are not achieved and will not also be achieved, unless we radically change our strategies, is that we set targets without setting strategies; without understanding what is preventing progress; and without putting adequate human and financial resources toward achieving targets. First, we equate the number of buildings to available health services. The Planning Commission and Central and State governments only count the number of health centres, without bothering to find out what is happening at these centres. Many are without staff, electricity, a telephone, water, medicines or an ambulance. No wonder these centres do not have patients — mothers or children — to take care of. Surveys have shown the inadequacy of our health infrastructure and that health workers are not staying where they are posted. There are good reasons why health staff do not stay in villages. But health departments have not bothered to study this problem or remedy it. Not only are workers not staying, studies have also shown that they are quite frequently absent without reason. Such unaccountability is treated as routine and not discussed in health policy forums. The second reason for a lack of services is underfunding and poor management of medicines, leading to a lack of availability. How can an army fight without ammunition? The lack of medicines forces poor patients to buy medicines from private pharmacy shops, which can be expensive. Often times, the quality of medicines available from these shops and government health centres is poor due to the government's weak oversight on pharmacies and poor procurement policies. Patients do not want to go to clinics where they do not get medicines or where they are of poor quality. While planning and funding are major problems, the root of the health problem in India, I feel, is the lack of adequate numbers of well-trained managers. Many national health programmes cover millions beneficiaries, yet they are managed by just two or three technical managers who are general or specialist doctors. Most of the time these individuals are without any public health or management training. They learn this on the job. This is also true for health secretaries and ministers — they all learn on the job. We are obsessed with training an eighth standard-passed village health worker with six to seven modules — but there is no training or even orientation for top policymakers and managers in the health department before they take up such important managerial and policymaking jobs. Why isn't health systems management made compulsory before an officer takes up the job of director or secretary in the health department? Fortunately, things can rapidly change in the next few years, if government and society pay a little more attention to health. During the last five years, the government has put in significant resources into the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). At the same time, many States are also using local solutions to various problems. Budgets for health services will need to increase by a factor of three to five times. The national government is committed to take health funding from less than one per cent to two to three per cent of the GDP. This is critical. The government must chart out how the Centre and States will increase these budgets over the next five years. This will also require advocacy on behalf of the health community. And we must also be more smart in how to spend the money that is already available. Money remains unspent in health because the regulations around spending are so complicated and confining that doctors and health works cannot spend the money. Many times, money does not arrive in time for it to be useful.

The author is hopeful about

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question.

Health is currently a privilege in India. Not a right. Maternal and child health remains neglected even after countless plans, programmes and political proclamations. Every year, nearly 60,000 women die in pregnancy and childbirth, while approximately 1.7 million children less than five years of age also die. In absolute numbers, India outranks all other countries in both regards. Sadly, most deaths can be prevented with available technologies. Many diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia kill thousands every year. While infectious diseases are very much a concern, chronic diseases are now rapidly catching up. India has become the capital of diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease. Health targets in plan after plan have not been achieved, yet there has been no systematic analysis of why health systems fail to achieve these targets. The fundamental reason why our health targets are not achieved and will not also be achieved, unless we radically change our strategies, is that we set targets without setting strategies; without understanding what is preventing progress; and without putting adequate human and financial resources toward achieving targets. First, we equate the number of buildings to available health services. The Planning Commission and Central and State governments only count the number of health centres, without bothering to find out what is happening at these centres. Many are without staff, electricity, a telephone, water, medicines or an ambulance. No wonder these centres do not have patients — mothers or children — to take care of. Surveys have shown the inadequacy of our health infrastructure and that health workers are not staying where they are posted. There are good reasons why health staff do not stay in villages. But health departments have not bothered to study this problem or remedy it. Not only are workers not staying, studies have also shown that they are quite frequently absent without reason. Such unaccountability is treated as routine and not discussed in health policy forums. The second reason for a lack of services is underfunding and poor management of medicines, leading to a lack of availability. How can an army fight without ammunition? The lack of medicines forces poor patients to buy medicines from private pharmacy shops, which can be expensive. Often times, the quality of medicines available from these shops and government health centres is poor due to the government's weak oversight on pharmacies and poor procurement policies. Patients do not want to go to clinics where they do not get medicines or where they are of poor quality. While planning and funding are major problems, the root of the health problem in India, I feel, is the lack of adequate numbers of well-trained managers. Many national health programmes cover millions beneficiaries, yet they are managed by just two or three technical managers who are general or specialist doctors. Most of the time these individuals are without any public health or management training. They learn this on the job. This is also true for health secretaries and ministers — they all learn on the job. We are obsessed with training an eighth standard-passed village health worker with six to seven modules — but there is no training or even orientation for top policymakers and managers in the health department before they take up such important managerial and policymaking jobs. Why isn't health systems management made compulsory before an officer takes up the job of director or secretary in the health department? Fortunately, things can rapidly change in the next few years, if government and society pay a little more attention to health. During the last five years, the government has put in significant resources into the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). At the same time, many States are also using local solutions to various problems. Budgets for health services will need to increase by a factor of three to five times. The national government is committed to take health funding from less than one per cent to two to three per cent of the GDP. This is critical. The government must chart out how the Centre and States will increase these budgets over the next five years. This will also require advocacy on behalf of the health community. And we must also be more smart in how to spend the money that is already available. Money remains unspent in health because the regulations around spending are so complicated and confining that doctors and health works cannot spend the money. Many times, money does not arrive in time for it to be useful.

Which of the following is true in context of the passage?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question.

Health is currently a privilege in India. Not a right. Maternal and child health remains neglected even after countless plans, programmes and political proclamations. Every year, nearly 60,000 women die in pregnancy and childbirth, while approximately 1.7 million children less than five years of age also die. In absolute numbers, India outranks all other countries in both regards. Sadly, most deaths can be prevented with available technologies. Many diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia kill thousands every year. While infectious diseases are very much a concern, chronic diseases are now rapidly catching up. India has become the capital of diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease. Health targets in plan after plan have not been achieved, yet there has been no systematic analysis of why health systems fail to achieve these targets. The fundamental reason why our health targets are not achieved and will not also be achieved, unless we radically change our strategies, is that we set targets without setting strategies; without understanding what is preventing progress; and without putting adequate human and financial resources toward achieving targets. First, we equate the number of buildings to available health services. The Planning Commission and Central and State governments only count the number of health centres, without bothering to find out what is happening at these centres. Many are without staff, electricity, a telephone, water, medicines or an ambulance. No wonder these centres do not have patients — mothers or children — to take care of. Surveys have shown the inadequacy of our health infrastructure and that health workers are not staying where they are posted. There are good reasons why health staff do not stay in villages. But health departments have not bothered to study this problem or remedy it. Not only are workers not staying, studies have also shown that they are quite frequently absent without reason. Such unaccountability is treated as routine and not discussed in health policy forums. The second reason for a lack of services is underfunding and poor management of medicines, leading to a lack of availability. How can an army fight without ammunition? The lack of medicines forces poor patients to buy medicines from private pharmacy shops, which can be expensive. Often times, the quality of medicines available from these shops and government health centres is poor due to the government's weak oversight on pharmacies and poor procurement policies. Patients do not want to go to clinics where they do not get medicines or where they are of poor quality. While planning and funding are major problems, the root of the health problem in India, I feel, is the lack of adequate numbers of well-trained managers. Many national health programmes cover millions beneficiaries, yet they are managed by just two or three technical managers who are general or specialist doctors. Most of the time these individuals are without any public health or management training. They learn this on the job. This is also true for health secretaries and ministers — they all learn on the job. We are obsessed with training an eighth standard-passed village health worker with six to seven modules — but there is no training or even orientation for top policymakers and managers in the health department before they take up such important managerial and policymaking jobs. Why isn't health systems management made compulsory before an officer takes up the job of director or secretary in the health department? Fortunately, things can rapidly change in the next few years, if government and society pay a little more attention to health. During the last five years, the government has put in significant resources into the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). At the same time, many States are also using local solutions to various problems. Budgets for health services will need to increase by a factor of three to five times. The national government is committed to take health funding from less than one per cent to two to three per cent of the GDP. This is critical. The government must chart out how the Centre and States will increase these budgets over the next five years. This will also require advocacy on behalf of the health community. And we must also be more smart in how to spend the money that is already available. Money remains unspent in health because the regulations around spending are so complicated and confining that doctors and health works cannot spend the money. Many times, money does not arrive in time for it to be useful.

One should maintain sufficient stock of artificial jewellery, so that

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question.

Artificial Jewellery is the latest market trend and is the call of the market. It’s fun to wear and is popular amongst all age groups of women. Though the traditional gold and diamond jewellery has also not lost its significance but still artificial jewellery is the choice of the hour. Artificial jewellery provides a wide range of variety to choose from ranging in different segments of prices. Artificial Jewellery business is a good option considering the market trend and taste. Through systematic approach Artificial Jewellery business can lead to towering graphs of profit. There are certain things which should be considered while opting for Artificial Jewellery business, the most important amongst them is analyzing the market. The market is the platform where the business needs to be built upon and hence is essential to understand the trend of the market and plan accordingly. Understanding the taste of the customer is also very essential. Artificial Jewellery business can lead to good results, higher profits and build goodwill if the taste of the customer is given prime importance and efforts are made for customer satisfaction. Regular feedback is essential from the customer for understanding them better and providing them great service. Also, some help can be taken from the professionals in Artificial Jewellery business. Having a word with them can give various useful tips for successful and more profitable Artificial Jewellery business. If possible organizing regular trade shows or fashion shows can also lead to an increase in revenues from Artificial Jewellery business. People come across your jewellery designs displayed in trade shows or fashion shows and then if they like it, you may experience a huge increase in your sales volume. If successful with trade shows and fashion shows you may book your own shows. These type of shows helps in enhancement of the market and increase in the penetration level in the market segment. After the shows it is essential to collect reviews from the people, their likes, their dislikes, various suggestions etc. These inputs such as reviews and suggestions built a platform for understanding the taste of the customers and analyzing the market trends. Always maintain sufficient stock of Artificial Jewellery with you. Whenever you are approached by a customer for purchase, the customer should be never turned out due to non availability of adequate Artificial Jewellery quantity with you. So, the desired stock level of Artificial Jewellery should always be maintained with you in order to achieve good results and strong goodwill in Artificial Jewellery business. If a customer leaves the shop just because he does not gets the desired Artificial Jewellery unit, it not only means loss of direct income which the customer takes back along with him because of no purchase made, but also it is a loss of various efforts and money spent on the marketing activities and brand promotion activities to attract customers and to bring them to your doorstep. In today’s competitive world it is almost necessary to offer sales through credit cards. So step ahead and offer your Artificial Jewellery on your website where the customer can make the purchase through credit card. Take help of some web design company for a professional looking website. A proper display of the products along their prices needs to be mentioned, so that the customer can purchase the desired product. It provides a facility to the customer to pay the amount through the card instead of carrying and delivering cash at the time of purchase. Offering sales through credit card increases the sales volume and is a vital part in Artificial Jewellery business. The main requirement for offering sales through credit card is of getting the merchant accounts with various credit card companies. It always pays to have more and more clients as more and more clients mean more and more walking advertisement and spread of word. People who purchased jewellery from your shop wear it, carry it along with them which acts as a walking advertisement and a satisfied customer always act as a good medium of spread of word of mouth as it cuts down the advertising cost. It is also said that it is three times difficult to make a new customer then to get a new customer from the references of the loyal customers. So, it can be rightly said that Customer Relationship Management plays an important and vital role in Artificial Jewellery business.

According to scientists, why did gypsum get precipitated?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question.

The indefatigable quest for firm evidence of liquid water on ancient Mars appears to have finally succeeded. NASA's Opportunity rover discovered a dozen bright veins of gypsum mineral and the results were presented at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, California. The rover used an array of instruments to confirm the chemical composition of the veins as calcium sulphate. Since calcium sulphate can exist in different forms depending on the amount of water it contains, the presence of gypsum, a hydrated mineral of calcium sulphate, strongly suggests the presence of water. Although gypsum has been found on far northern locations on Mars, what makes the latest find particularly significant is its presence at the very point where it was formed. This will help scientists understand the paleoenvironmental conditions on the red planet. The veins, which are 1 cm to 2 cm in width and 40 cm to 50 cm in length, are located at the edge of the Endeavour crater where the sulphate-rich sedimentary bedrock meets the volcanic bedrock that lies exposed at the rim of the crater. Scientists speculate that gypsum got precipitated when water containing calcium sulphate flowed through fractures. Our current understanding is that water is a key resource for life to exist. Hence scientists searching for life on Mars or other planets look out for signs of liquid water. However, the mere presence of water does not necessarily mean micro-organisms exist. Salinity, acidity, and temperature play a predominant role in determining habitability in water bodies on Earth. Extrapolating from this, the data sent by rovers from other locations over the years have revealed a very harsh environment for life to exist. Even the Meridiani Planum region located in the Martian equator, which was considered to have the least harsh environment, turned out to be inimical to life because of its high acidic conditions. Unlike other locations explored so far, the edge of the Endeavour crater does not have any jarosite (an iron sulphate mineral) deposit indicative of acidic conditions. The combination of gypsum veins and the absence of jarosite probably indicates a “possibility of water being more neutral,” which basically means a less inhospitable environment. Whether ancient Mars was habitable or not, the discovery of gypsum reveals that liquid water was once present. The recent discovery of clay minerals, which were found to be widespread in the planet's Noachian terrain, supports the same idea. After all, clay minerals arise after a long-duration interaction between water and rocks.

Why has the author raised the issue of on-job training?

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Health is currently a privilege in India. Not a right. Maternal and child health remains neglected even after countless plans, programmes and political proclamations. Every year, nearly 60,000 women die in pregnancy and childbirth, while approximately 1.7 million children less than five years of age also die. In absolute numbers, India outranks all other countries in both regards. Sadly, most deaths can be prevented with available technologies. Many diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia kill thousands every year. While infectious diseases are very much a concern, chronic diseases are now rapidly catching up. India has become the capital of diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease. Health targets in plan after plan have not been achieved, yet there has been no systematic analysis of why health systems fail to achieve these targets. The fundamental reason why our health targets are not achieved and will not also be achieved, unless we radically change our strategies, is that we set targets without setting strategies; without understanding what is preventing progress; and without putting adequate human and financial resources toward achieving targets. First, we equate the number of buildings to available health services. The Planning Commission and Central and State governments only count the number of health centres, without bothering to find out what is happening at these centres. Many are without staff, electricity, a telephone, water, medicines or an ambulance. No wonder these centres do not have patients — mothers or children — to take care of. Surveys have shown the inadequacy of our health infrastructure and that health workers are not staying where they are posted. There are good reasons why health staff do not stay in villages. But health departments have not bothered to study this problem or remedy it. Not only are workers not staying, studies have also shown that they are quite frequently absent without reason. Such unaccountability is treated as routine and not discussed in health policy forums. The second reason for a lack of services is underfunding and poor management of medicines, leading to a lack of availability. How can an army fight without ammunition? The lack of medicines forces poor patients to buy medicines from private pharmacy shops, which can be expensive. Often times, the quality of medicines available from these shops and government health centres is poor due to the government's weak oversight on pharmacies and poor procurement policies. Patients do not want to go to clinics where they do not get medicines or where they are of poor quality. While planning and funding are major problems, the root of the health problem in India, I feel, is the lack of adequate numbers of well-trained managers. Many national health programmes cover millions beneficiaries, yet they are managed by just two or three technical managers who are general or specialist doctors. Most of the time these individuals are without any public health or management training. They learn this on the job. This is also true for health secretaries and ministers — they all learn on the job. We are obsessed with training an eighth standard-passed village health worker with six to seven modules — but there is no training or even orientation for top policymakers and managers in the health department before they take up such important managerial and policymaking jobs. Why isn't health systems management made compulsory before an officer takes up the job of director or secretary in the health department? Fortunately, things can rapidly change in the next few years, if government and society pay a little more attention to health. During the last five years, the government has put in significant resources into the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). At the same time, many States are also using local solutions to various problems. Budgets for health services will need to increase by a factor of three to five times. The national government is committed to take health funding from less than one per cent to two to three per cent of the GDP. This is critical. The government must chart out how the Centre and States will increase these budgets over the next five years. This will also require advocacy on behalf of the health community. And we must also be more smart in how to spend the money that is already available. Money remains unspent in health because the regulations around spending are so complicated and confining that doctors and health works cannot spend the money. Many times, money does not arrive in time for it to be useful.

What according to the author allows corruption to go unchallenged?

Directions: Read the passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Corruption often goes unchallenged when people do not speak out about it. Witness accounts offer invaluable insights into corruption and are powerful tools in the fight against it. From exposing multi-million dollar financial scams to dangerous medical practices, whistleblowers play a crucial role in saving resources and even lives.
But in some countries, blowing the whistle can carry high personal risk – particularly when there is little legal protection against dismissal, humiliation or even physical abuse. Controls on information, libel and defamation laws, and inadequate investigation of whistleblowers’ claims can all deter people from speaking out.
Whistleblowers are less likely to report workplace misconduct when their employers do not provide clear internal reporting channels. And in some settings, whistle-blowing carries connotations of betrayal rather than being seen as a benefit to the public. Ultimately, societies, institutions and citizens lose out when there is no one willing to cry foul in the face of corruption.
Whistleblowers are invaluable in exposing corruption, fraud and mismanagement. Early disclosure of wrongdoing or the risk of wrongdoing can protect human rights, help to save lives and preserve the rule of law. When witnesses of corruption are confident about their ability to report it, corrupt individuals cannot hide behind the wall of silence.

‘Whistleblowers are invaluable in exposing corruption.’ What does ‘invaluable’ mean in this context?

Directions: Read the passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Corruption often goes unchallenged when people do not speak out about it. Witness accounts offer invaluable insights into corruption and are powerful tools in the fight against it. From exposing multi-million dollar financial scams to dangerous medical practices, whistleblowers play a crucial role in saving resources and even lives.
But in some countries, blowing the whistle can carry high personal risk – particularly when there is little legal protection against dismissal, humiliation or even physical abuse. Controls on information, libel and defamation laws, and inadequate investigation of whistleblowers’ claims can all deter people from speaking out.
Whistleblowers are less likely to report workplace misconduct when their employers do not provide clear internal reporting channels. And in some settings, whistle-blowing carries connotations of betrayal rather than being seen as a benefit to the public. Ultimately, societies, institutions and citizens lose out when there is no one willing to cry foul in the face of corruption.
Whistleblowers are invaluable in exposing corruption, fraud and mismanagement. Early disclosure of wrongdoing or the risk of wrongdoing can protect human rights, help to save lives and preserve the rule of law. When witnesses of corruption are confident about their ability to report it, corrupt individuals cannot hide behind the wall of silence.

The author says that whistleblowers do not report workplace misconduct as

Directions: Read the passage carefully and answer the question that follows.

Corruption often goes unchallenged when people do not speak out about it. Witness accounts offer invaluable insights into corruption and are powerful tools in the fight against it. From exposing multi-million dollar financial scams to dangerous medical practices, whistleblowers play a crucial role in saving resources and even lives.
But in some countries, blowing the whistle can carry high personal risk – particularly when there is little legal protection against dismissal, humiliation or even physical abuse. Controls on information, libel and defamation laws, and inadequate investigation of whistleblowers’ claims can all deter people from speaking out.
Whistleblowers are less likely to report workplace misconduct when their employers do not provide clear internal reporting channels. And in some settings, whistle-blowing carries connotations of betrayal rather than being seen as a benefit to the public. Ultimately, societies, institutions and citizens lose out when there is no one willing to cry foul in the face of corruption.
Whistleblowers are invaluable in exposing corruption, fraud and mismanagement. Early disclosure of wrongdoing or the risk of wrongdoing can protect human rights, help to save lives and preserve the rule of law. When witnesses of corruption are confident about their ability to report it, corrupt individuals cannot hide behind the wall of silence.